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Bio 431 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Bio 431 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Bio 431 Exam 1 Questions and AnswersLatest Update
What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer? - Answer-1. Evading growth suppressors
2. Avoiding immune destruction
3. Enabling replicative immortality
4. Tumor-promoting inflammation
5. Activating invasion & metastasis
6. Inducing angiogenesis
7. Genome instability & mutation
8. Resisting cell death
9. Deregulating cellular energetics
10. Sustaining proliferative signaling
Cancer develops through gradual changes in __ and __. - Answer-Cell morphology and
properties
What is a tumor? - Answer-Abnormal growth of solid tissue.
What is cancer? - Answer-An aberration of normal development
Cancer cells exhibit behaviors found in __ and when? - Answer-In normal cells during
development and differentiation
Normal cells divide when given what? Examples of when cells divide? - Answer-When
given the appropriate signal.
Cells divide to heal a wound, replace dead cells, and to fight an infection
Cancer cells divide inappropriately because of what 2 reasons? - Answer-They have
switched on a growth signal and switched off an inhibitory signal
What are 2 events normal cells undergo apoptosis? - Answer-As part of a
developmental program and when cells become dangerous (eg DNA damage)
Four properties of cancer cells? - Answer-1. They are immortalized
2. They do not form differentiated tissues
3. They escape apoptosis
4. They are invasive
What is a phenotype? Ex's? - Answer-Phenotype: traits, characteristics
Ex: morphology, biochemistry/ metabolism, and behavior/movement
What drives phenotype? - Answer-Proteins, specifically their shape, structure,
metabolism, cell movement, and signals between and within cells.
,How does a cancer cell get its phenotype? - Answer-DNA --> RNA --> protein
Problems or changes at any of these steps can alter protein expression and lead to a
change in phenotype.
What are some post-translational modifications of proteins? - Answer-Glycoylation,
phosphorylation, acetylation, and activation/ cleavage.
What are some specific changes in TC? - Answer-Selective reading of the genome and
this leads to differences in gene expression patterns. This process is called
differentiation.
If gene expression patterns control differentiation, each differentiated cell must have a
distinct set of genes that are expressed or suppressed. This produces a set of proteins
that colaborate to create that specific cells' ___. - Answer-phenotype
What do gene expression arrays do? - Answer-Can now survey expression of 1000s of
genes within a given cell type.
Compare normal to disease and give you an idea of molecular targets/ mutations that
might be associated with the disease
What is genetic polymorphism? - Answer-Functionally silent differences in DNA
sequence between individuals.
Euploid? Aneuploid?
Which is seen more often in cancer? - Answer-Normal= euploid
Abnormal= aneuploid
Aneuploidy seen more in cancer
Germline mutation?
Somatic mutation? - Answer-Germline mutation: mutation in sperm or egg (or
precursors) and will be passed onto offspring.
Somatic mutation: not transmitted to offspring, passed on to all descendent cells
(clones. Some due to failure of repair mechanisms
Ex's of germline and somatic mutation? - Answer-Germline: you inherit a cancer
susceptibility gene from a parent.
Somatic: your DNA is mutated in certain cells by exposure to a carcinogen
What are three factors that control gene expression? - Answer-Promoter, enhancer, TFs
What do TFs do? - Answer-Coordinate expression of large groups of genes while
repressing others.
They bind DNA in control regions of genes and determine TC.
, Pleiptropy? - Answer-TF can affect expression of many genes --> one gene influences
two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits
Maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis requires cells to be __ and __. - Answer-
organized and regulated
What if normal tissue homeostasis goes wrong? - Answer-Cells access inappropriate
information from genomes OR damage to genome (mutation) can lead to abnormal
phenotype and loss of control.
Tumor cells have lost the ability to ___. Evidenced by __. - Answer-Lost ability to
assemble and create tissues of normal form and function.
Evidenced by histology/ histopathology
Tumors arise from? Can tumors move? - Answer-Arise from normal tissue and can
move from within the body.
Primary tumor? Metastases? - Answer-Primary tumor: site where cancer began.
Metastases: new settlements/ colonies of tumor.
Naming cancers:
Adeno-, chondro-, erythro-, hemangio-, hepato-, lipo-, lympho-, melano-, myelo-, myo-,
osteo- - Answer-
What are the two broad categories of a tumor? - Answer-Benign
Malignant
3 characteristics of bengin tumors - Answer-Grows locally, does not invade adjacent
tissues.
Most primary tumors in humans are benign and har harmless.
They can become harmful if large mass of tumor presses on vital organs/ tissues OR
physiologic imbalance caused by release of high levels of hormones
2 characteristics of malignant tumors - Answer-Invade nearby tissues/ blood vessels
and metastasize
Responsible for 90% of deaths from cancer
Tumors are classified according to? - Answer-Origin
Epithelia are? - Answer-Sheets of lining walls of cavities/ channels. They are similar in
structure in all tissues.
Why might these cells be more prone to cancer? - Answer-
What lies underneath the epithelial tissues? - Answer-Basal lamina
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