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BIO 431 EXAM 3 - Digestive System and Endocrine System Questions and Answers
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BIO 431 EXAM 3 - Digestive System and Endocrine System Questions and Answers
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BIO 431 EXAM 3 - Digestive System andEndocrine System Questions and
Answers
alimentary canal - Answer-Also known as the gastrointestinal tract.
A continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
accessory organs - Answer-all the supporting organs that assist with the digestion such
as: teeth, tongue, glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
ingestion - Answer-taking in food and liquid (eating)
propulsion - Answer-Through a series of smooth muscle contractions of the wall of the
GI tract. Food is mixed with secretions such as enzymes and acid and propelled
downward.
Achieved in 2 methods: swallowing and peristalsis
peristalsis - Answer-- involuntary
- alternating waves of contracting/relaxing smooth muscle
- involves the walls of the organ (stomach and intestine)
- results in the movement of food along the GI tract
digestion - Answer-The breaking down of food into smaller molecules.
2 types of digestion: mechanical and chemical
mechanical - Answer-Physical process of chewing, and grinding the food in the mouth
before swallowing.
- Also the churning and mixing of food with enzymes in the stomach and the intestine
(segmentation = local rhythmic constrictions).
- Prepares the food for chemical digestion.
chemical - Answer-Enzymatic breakdown of large macromolecules into simple
molecules.
Carbohydrates -> sugars, and proteins -> amino acids
absorption - Answer-___ molecules, ions, vitamins, fluids that resulted from digestion.
- occurs through the epithelial cells (mucosa) of the GI lining entering into the blood and
lymph
- through active transportation
- primarily occurs in the small intestine
defecation - Answer-Elimination of waste product through the anus
, mesentery - Answer-- double layer of peritoneum - fused
- extends from the abdominal organ to the cavity wall
- provides pathways for blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels to the viscera (abdominal
organs)
- holds (anchors) organs in place
- location for fat storage
mesocolon - Answer-- loosely binds the large intestine to the posterior wall
- form of mesentery i.e. carries nerves and vessels to colon
mesocolon - Answer-
lesser omentum - Answer-- arises from the folds of peritoneum
- anchors the duodenum and the stomach to the liver
- extends from the less curvature of the stomach to the liver
- contains lymph nodes
lesser omentum - Answer-
greater omentum - Answer-
greater omentum - Answer-- largest peritoneum fold
- hangs loosely like a fatty apron over the transverse colon and small intestine
- double sheet that folds back over the on itself
- forms a 4 layer structure
- originates as a double layer off the greater curvature of the stomach
- run distal over the structure of the intestine
- loops back up to connect the transverse colon
- contains a large intestine amount of fat and lymph nodes
falciform ligament - Answer-- anchors the liver to the ventral abdominal wall and
diaphragm
- the liver is the only digestive organ anchored to the anterior wall
- formed by folding of the peritoneum in that region
falciform ligament - Answer-
retroperitoneal - Answer-- some organs are not contained (wrapped) within the
peritoneal membrane
- they are located behind the membrane and are covered by peritoneum only on their
ventral surface
- primary: kidneys, pancreas, duodenum
- secondary: ascending colon and descending colon
esophagus - Answer-The ___ differs slightly on the outermost layer by missing the
serosa.
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