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BIO 431 Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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BIO 431 Exam 3 Questions and Answers
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BIO 431 Exam 3 Questions and AnswersWhat are the names of each endocrine gland? - Answer-1 Pituitary (master gland)
1 Thyroid
4 Parathyroid glands
2 Adrenal glands
1 Pineal
1 Thymus
What are the functions of each endocrine gland? - Answer-A. Pituitary (divided into 2):
1. Anterior pituitary glands: true glands that produces regulatory hormones in nuclei or
hypothalamus - communicates via hypophyseal portal system (blood circulation)
2. Posterior pituitary gland + infundibulum: not true glands, communication via the
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
B. Thyroid:
· Regulate cellular metabolism resulting in increase consumption of oxygen and
increase heat production.
· Stimulate growth and development of the nervous system, skeletal system and
reproduction.
· Increases reactivity of the nervous system
C. Parathyroid glands:
· controls homeostasis of ions in the blood (Ca, Phosphate)
· Increases the rate of absorption from the GI tract.
· Leads to activation of Vitamin D
· Increases the rate of osteoclastic activity (bone breakdown = resorption) leading to
increased Ca in the blood
· Increase the resorption of CA and other ions in the kidneys and intestine.
D. Adrenal (2 glands):
- produces 24 different corticosteroids derived from cholesterol
1. Adrenal Cortex (Outer) =
- produces hormones involved with Homeostasis (kidney and the rennin-angiotensin
pathway, metabolism, small levels of sex hormones)
- Makes up most of the gland
2. Adrenal Medulla (Inner) =
- produces epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) Responsible for the fight or
flight mechanism
- Acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system
E. Pineal Gland: produces melatonin
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