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bio 431 exam 4 questions with complete solutions
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bio 431 exam 4 questions with complete solutions
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bio 431 exam 4 questions with completesolutions
What are the ultimate effects of thyroid hormone? - Answer-Increases basal metabolic
rate, promotes tissue growth, and development
what is the pattern of growth hormone - Answer-
What are the ultimate effects of growth hormone? - Answer--Mobilization of fats made
available to the cells as sources of energy
-Decreases cellular uptake of glucose
-stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
-Increases uptake of amino acids into the cells to make proteins
-IGF stimulates nutrient uptake by the cells, -stimulates cell division
-Development of collagen and bones
The main targets of IGF are skeletal muscle and bones
How is growth hormone release stimulated in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
Answer--Growth hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus or GHRH due to
hypoglycemia, exercise, low fatty acid in the blood, or high amino acid in the blood.
How is growth hormone release inhibited in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
Answer--Feedback inhibition by GH or IGF, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia
-Elevated levels of GH and IGF will inhibit GHRH
-GHIH-Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
What are the ultimate effects of the thyroid hormone? - Answer-Increasing basal
metabolic rate, promotes tissue growth and development
How does the method of cortisol circulation affect hormone availability? - Answer-CRH
from the hypothalymus go into the anterior pituitary gland and stimulate release of
ACTH which releases cortisol, a type of glucocorticoid
ultimate effects of cortisol - Answer—Glucoogenissis- production of glucose from
glycerol and amino acids
-stimulates the sympathetic division (vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure)
-Resist stress, gluconeogenesis (anti-immune in excess) which suppresses
inflammatory and immune responses
How is cortisol release stimulated in order to maintain homeostatic levels? - Answer--
ACTH via CRH due to physiological stressors
-Pshyciological factors:
-Fever
-Infection
, -Hemorrhage
-Hypoglycemia
How is cortisol release inhibited in order to maintain homeostatic levels? - Answer--
Feedback inhibition by cortisol (overridden by higher brain centers during acure/chronic
stress)
What are the targets of epinephrine? - Answer-cardiac and smooth muscles, most other
cells
What are the basic rules for chemical reactions in metabolic pathways? - Answer-1.
Conservation of matter and energy meaning electrons cannot be created or destroyed,
just rearranged
2. Formation, breaking, rearranging of chemical (covalent) bonds between atoms to
produce a new product
3. Reversibility of reactions determined by equilibria and enzyme availability
4. Rate of reactions determined by temperature, concentration, size, and catalysts
(enzymes)
5. Enzymes, proteins encoded by genes, lower reaction activation energy and are highly
specific
6. What are the significant catabolic pathways? - Answer-1. general breakdown
2. oxidation
7. What is the purpose of general breakdown catabolism? - Answer-to create new
products the body needs
8. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location, of
lipolysis? - Answer-Lipolysis: breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in the liver
and skeletal muscles
9. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location, of
glycogenolysis? - Answer--Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen into glucose
-In the liver, Glycogen gets converted into phosphorylase and mutates into phosphate
and ends at phosphatase which removes phosphate into blood sugar.
10. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location, of
proteolysis? - Answer-Proteolysis: breakdown of protein into amino acids
12. What molecules are oxidized to produce ATP? - Answer-Sugars
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