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PLANTKUNDE2023-2024
FARMACEUTISCH EN BIOLOGISCHE LABORATORIUM TECHNOLOGIEN
,Lowie Boels Plantkunde
0. Inleiding in de moderne plantkunde ..................................................................................5
0.1. Experimentele benadering in de klassieke disciplines van de plantkunde ...................5
0.2. Gebruik van modelorganisme ...................................................................................6
1. Arabidosis thaliana ..................................................................................... 6
2. RIJST = Orya sativa ...................................................................................... 7
3. LEEUWENBEK = antirrhinum majus ............................................................. 7
1. Planten VS andere organisme en de indeling van planten ..................................................8
1.1. Classificatie.............................................................................................................8
1.2. Eukaryote planten ....................................................................................................8
1.3. Indeling van hogere planten ......................................................................................9
1. Mossen = bryophyta .................................................................................... 9
2. Varens = pteridofyten .................................................................................. 9
3. Zaadplanten = spermatofyten ................................................................. 9
2. De structuur van de plantencel .......................................................................................... 10
2.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 10
2.1. Het celmembraan .................................................................................................. 10
2.2. De plantaardige celkern ......................................................................................... 12
1. Functie ................................................................................................. 12
2.3. De Vacuole ............................................................................................................ 14
1. Plasmolyse ........................................................................................... 15
2.4. Plastiden .................................................................................................................... 16
1. Chloroplasten ....................................................................................... 18
2. Chromoplasten ..................................................................................... 18
3. Leukoplasten ........................................................................................ 19
2.5. De celwand............................................................................................................ 19
1. Vorming van de primaire celwand ........................................................... 20
2. Vorming secundaire celwand ................................................................. 21
3. Plasmodesmata .................................................................................... 21
3. plantaardige celtypes, weefsel en organen.......................................................................... 23
3.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................ 23
3.2. Nieuwe cellen ontstaan door celdeling in het meristeem ......................................... 23
3.3. Celtypes en weefsels ............................................................................................. 24
1. Dermaal weefsel ................................................................................... 24
2. Grondweefsel ....................................................................................... 25
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,Lowie Boels Plantkunde
3. Vaatweefsel .......................................................................................... 26
3.4. De anatomische bouw van de primaire wortel ......................................................... 27
3.5. Anatomische bouw van de primaire stengel ............................................................ 29
1. Dicotyle stengel .................................................................................... 29
2. Monocotyle stengel ............................................................................... 30
3.6. Secundaire groei van de wortel en een dicotyle stengel ........................................... 30
1. Dicotyle stengel ........................................................................................... 30
2. Secundaire wortel ................................................................................. 31
3.7. Transport doorheen plant ....................................................................................... 32
4. Reproductie van de plant ............................................................................................... 33
4.1. Voortplantingswijze bij planten ............................................................................... 33
4.2. In het labo ............................................................................................................. 33
4.3. Geslachtelijke voortplanting ................................................................................... 35
1. Levenscyclus ........................................................................................ 35
2. Geslachtelijk bij bedektzadige ................................................................ 36
5. Fotosynthese................................................................................................................. 42
5.1. Reactie van de fotosynthese ................................................................................... 42
5.2. Koolstofcyclus ....................................................................................................... 43
5.3. Wat zijn de effecten van de CO2 stijging .................................................................. 44
5.4. Absorptie van het zonlicht ...................................................................................... 45
1. Chlorofyl .............................................................................................. 46
2. Hulppigmenten ..................................................................................... 46
3. Samenwerking tussen pigmenten ........................................................... 46
5.5. De donker reacties ................................................................................................. 48
5.6. Opslag van fotosynthese samenvattingen ............................................................... 48
6. Ontwikkelingsfysiologie ..................................................................................................... 49
6.1. Planten en hun extern milieu .................................................................................. 49
1. Trage reactie ......................................................................................... 49
2. Snelle reactie ........................................................................................ 50
6.2. Planten signaal transductie .................................................................................... 51
6.3. Fytohormonen ....................................................................................................... 52
6.4. Auxine ................................................................................................................... 54
1. Ontdekking van auxine .......................................................................... 54
2. Chemische structuur ............................................................................ 55
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, Lowie Boels Plantkunde
3. Productie en transport van IAA ............................................................... 56
4. Effecten van auxine .................................................................................. 57
5. Verhindering van abscissie en stimulatie van vruchtontwikkeling ................. 58
6. Synthetische auxines als herbicide ............................................................ 58
6.5. Gibberellinen ......................................................................................................... 58
1. Ontdekking van gibberellinen ................................................................. 58
2. Verlengen van stengel............................................................................ 58
3. Effect van uitwendige verandering .......................................................... 59
4. Enzymsynthese ..................................................................................... 59
6.6. Cytokininen ........................................................................................................... 59
1. Ontdekking van citokinine ...................................................................... 59
2. Natuurlijke productie............................................................................. 59
2. Verhouding cytokinine en auxine + controle van differnetiatie tot wortels en
stengels .......................................................................................................... 59
4. Gravitropisme ....................................................................................... 59
5. Vertragen van veroudering ..................................................................... 60
6.7. Ethyleen ................................................................................................................ 60
1. Ontdekking van ethyleen ....................................................................... 60
2. Rijpen van vruchten ............................................................................... 60
3. Abscissie van bladeren .......................................................................... 60
6.8. Abscissinezuur ...................................................................................................... 60
1. Ontdekking en productie van abscissinezuur .......................................... 60
2. Sluiten van huidmondjes ....................................................................... 60
6.9. Brassinosteroiden .................................................................................................. 61
1. Stimulatie van celstrekking .................................................................... 61
6.10. Stringolactonen ................................................................................................. 61
6.11. Salicylzuur ......................................................................................................... 61
6.12. Jasmonaat ......................................................................................................... 61
7. Genetische manipulatie ..................................................................................................... 62
7.1. Plantengenoom ..................................................................................................... 62
7.2. Natuurlijke gentransfer ........................................................................................... 62
7.3. Selectiemerkers ..................................................................................................... 67
7.4. Experimentele procedure ....................................................................................... 68
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