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Bio 431 Exam 3 Exam Questions with Complete Answers
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Bio 431 Exam 3 Exam Questions with Complete Answers
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Bio 431 Exam 3 Exam Questions withComplete Answers
define pulmonary ventilation - Answer-movement of air in and out of the lungs, consists
of inspiration and expiration
define external and internal respiration - Answer-external: gas exchange between the
lungs and the blood (pulmonary circulation)
- O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood
- CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
internal: gas exchange between the blood and tissues (systemic circulation)
- O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells
- CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood
define gas transport functions of the respiratory system - Answer-cardiovascular system
transports gases using blood as the transporting fluid
O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, CO2 is transported from
the tissue cells to the lungs
list the structures associated with the upper and lower respiratory system - Answer-
upper: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
lower: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
list the structures associated with the conduction and respiratory zones of the
respiratory system - Answer-conducting zone: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
respiratory zone: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
describe the location, structure and function of the respiratory features highlighted -
Answer-
describe the major features of the nasal cavity - Answer--nasal hairs: filter air
-mucosa is very vascular, body heat warms the air entering the body
-water from mucosal lining and tears evaporates into incoming air, helps to humidify
-cilia, antibodies in mucus and tears, macrophages clean the air
-nasal conchae increases turbulence, which helps ensure most of the air comes into
contact with the mucus membrane
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium moves dirty mucus to pharynx
what filters incoming air? - Answer-nasal hairs
what feature of mucosa helps warm the incoming air into the nasal cavity? - Answer-
mucosa is highly vascular, body heat warms the incoming air
,describe the structures involved + purpose of humidifying incoming air - Answer-water
from mucosal lining and tears evaporates into incoming air, helps to keep the nasal
passages from drying up
describe the major features of the respiratory mucosa - Answer--mucous membrane
-epithelium and lamina propia
-mucus
- goblet cells
- glands in connective tissue
-may have cilia
-epithelium - variable
list the paranasal sinuses - Answer-frontal, ethmoidal air cells, sphenoidal, maxillary
auditory tubes of the nasopharynx - Answer-eustachian, pharyngotympanic
which vocal cords are inelastic? - Answer-vestibular folds
which vocal cords are elastic? - Answer-vocal folds
vocal cords: sound production - Answer-via vocal fold vibrations
cartilage in the larynx - Answer-epiglottis: elastic cartilage
thyroid + cricoid: hyaline cartilage
what alters the diameter of the trachea? - Answer-ANS, controls the trachealis smooth
muscle
where do the primary bronchi enter the lung? - Answer-hilum
also where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and bronchi enter the lung
describe the lungs - Answer-R: 3 lobes
L: 2 lobes
- divided by fissures (R: horizontal and oblique, L: oblique)
- air filled spaces surrounded by elastic tissue
- enclosed in pleural cavity filled with small amount of fluid which decreases friction
describe the functional importance of the lung being divided into bronchopulmonary
segments - Answer-each bronchopulmonary segment has its own air supply, blood
supply, and lymphatic vessels, surrounded by connective tissue
describe the anatomical changes that occur along the branching of the respiratory
structures - Answer--smooth muscle increases
-cartilage decreases: C-shaped rings to plates
-smaller diameter
-thinner epithelium
, tissue of the bronchioles - Answer-simple cuboidal epithelium
smooth muscle controlled by ANS
sparse to no cilia
respiratory pathway through alveoli - Answer-terminal bronchiole -> respiratory
bronchioles -> alveolar duct -> alveolar sacs of many alveoli
explain the functional importance of decreasing surface tension in the alveoli - Answer-
keeps alveoli from collapsing, makes them easier to inflate
alveolar cells - Answer-macrophages
alveolar type 1: simple squamous epithelial cells, alveolar pores (equalize pressure
between alveoli)
alveolar type 2: epithelial cells that secrete surfactant, decrease surface tension to keep
alveoli from collapsing making them easier to inflate
visceral pleura - Answer-membrane on outside of lung
produces serous fluid
parietal pleura - Answer-lines wall of thoracic cavity, diaphragm, mediastinum
both produce serous fluid
pleural cavity - Answer-space between serous membranes
lubricated to decrease friction during expansion/recoil
explain the functional importance of the increased surface tension between the serous
membranes (in the pleural fluid) of the pleural cavities - Answer-keeps the membranes
from separating
pulls lungs outward toward thoracic wall
opposes lung collapse
intrapulmonary pressure - Answer-pressure in alveoli
increases/decreases during breathing
always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure - Answer-pressure in the pleural cavity
increases/decreases during breathing
always is 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure
- results in a negative intrapleural pressure
- means the outward pull on the lungs are greater than the forces causing collapse (like
elastic recoil, etc.)
pneumothorax - Answer--air in pleural cavity
-intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, results in atelactasis
(collapsed lung)
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