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Bio 431 Final Exam Questions with Latest Update
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Bio 431 Final Exam Questions with Latest Update
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Bio 431 Final Exam Questions withLatest Update
Exocrine glands - Answer-secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into
body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body
Endocrine glands - Answer-secrete their products into the IF surrounding the secretory
cells rather than into ducts. From the IF, hormones diffuse into blood capillaries and
blood carries them to target cells throughout the body. Because of their dependence on
the cardiovascular system to distribute their products, endocrine glands are some of the
most vascular tissues in the body
Exocrine glands - Answer-these include sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous and digestive
glands
Endocrine glands - Answer-these include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and
pineal glands
- MOST ENDOCRINE HORMONES ARE CIRCULATING HORMONES
Circulating hormones - Answer-pass form the secretory cells that make them into IF and
then into blood -- over time inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Local hormones - Answer-act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that
secreted them without first entering the bloodstream
ex: IL2
Paracrines - Answer-local hormones that act on neighboring cells
Autocrines - Answer-local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
Lipid soluble hormones - Answer-soluble in lipids, require transport proteins, and can be
ingested because they are not split apart during digestion; EX: steroid hormones,
thyroid hormones and nitric oxide
Steroid hormones - Answer-derived from cholesterol, each steroid hormone is unique
due to the presence of different chemical groups making for a large diversity of
functions
ex: estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, calcitriol
Thyroid hormones - Answer-T3 and T4 are synthesized by attached to iodine to
tyrosine, the two benzene rings within the molecule makes them very lipid soluble
Nitric oxide - Answer-both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, its synthesis is catalyzed
by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase; binds to hemoglobin and transports CO2
, Water soluble hormones - Answer-soluble in water, do not require transport proteins,
and need to be administered through injection because digestive enzymes would
destroy them by breaking their peptide bonds; EX: amine hormones, peptide and
protein hormones, eiconsanoid hormones
Amine hormones - Answer-synthesized by carboxylating and modifying amino acids
Catecholamines - Answer-epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- are synthesized by modifying tyrosine
Histamine - Answer-synthesized from histidine by mast cells and platelets
Serotonin - Answer-derived from tryptophan
Melatonin - Answer-derived from tryptophan
Peptide and protein hormones - Answer-amino acid polymers
Peptide - Answer-ADH and oxytocin
Protein - Answer-TSH
Eicosanoid hormones - Answer-derived from arachidonic acid
- prostaglandins and leukotrienes (local hormones)
Erythrocytes - Answer-RBC; contain the oxygen and hemoglobin.
Function is to carry O2 to the cells and carry CO2 out of the cells
RBC - Answer-each contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Hemoglobin - Answer-plays role in regulating blood pressure
Anemia - Answer-the condition of insufficient RBC or hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis - Answer-is the production of RBCs -- begins in RBM with a
proerythroblast
Thrombocyte - Answer-platelet; splinters of megakaryocytes that have broken apart
while still in RBM
3 Mechanisms of Homeostasis - Answer-vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood
clot
Cardiac conduction system - Answer-SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle
branches and Purkinje fibers
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