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PSIO 431 EXAM I QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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PSIO 431 EXAM I QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
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PSIO 431 EXAM I QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
how long does it take to replace the skin? - Answer-7 days
how long does it take to replace the gut lining? - Answer-3 days
what is the first system to be activated when a pathogen enters the body? - Answer-
innate immune system
if the innate immune system cannot get rid of the problem (pathogen), then the body
activates what system? - Answer-adaptive immune system
what are commensal floras? - Answer-good bacteria, antibiotics, defensins, cathelicidins
that live on skin and protect us from bad bacteria
what structures of the innate immune system are important for starting the inflammatory
process? - Answer-PRRs
(t) or (f): all invertebrates and vertebrates have PRRs - Answer-true
what are the functions of the *innate* immune system? (4) - Answer-1) detect intruders
2) inactivate intruders
3) destroy intruders
4) remove intruders
(t) or (f): invertebrates have an innate immune system. - Answer-true
what are motifs? - Answer-chemical structures that are found in pathogens but not the
host itself
what are 2 examples of motifs? - Answer-1) components of bacterial cell walls
2) microbial nucleic acid structures
what 3 things does the innate immune system recognize? - Answer-1) foreign molecular
structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
2) stress or damage indicator molecules expressed by body cells called damage-
associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
3) the absence of certain normal cell surface molecules (recognition done by NK cells)
most cells in the body have some _ _ _ on their surface or on inner membranes. -
Answer-PRR (pattern-recognition receptor)
,what is a subclass of PRRs? - Answer-TLRs; unlike PRRs they are not found on every
cell, but almost every cell
what does TLR stand for? - Answer-Toll-like receptors (named after the Toll gene in the
fruit fly, which controls innate immunity in invertebrates)
what do TLRs do? - Answer-they recognize foreign molecular structures that we don't
have
what starts inflammation? - Answer-when a TLR binds a PAMP, it starts a signaling
cascade that leads to the expression of factors that cause inflammation
when does a cell release DAMPs? - Answer-when the cell is damaged and/or stressed
what happens when TLRs bind DAMPs? - Answer-it increases local inflammation
what are stimuli for acute inflammation (making cytokines)? (6) - Answer-1) infections
2) trauma
3) physical/chemical agents
4) tissue necrosis
5) foreign bodies
6) immune responses
what are symptoms of acute inflammation? (5) - Answer-1) redness (rubor)
2) heat (calor)
3) swelling (tumor)
4) pain (dolor)
5) loss of function
mast cell degradation leads to what? (4) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) swelling
3) clotting
4) stimulation of pain receptors
mast cell degradation releases what substances? (2) - Answer-1) histamine
2) cytokines
which is faster: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune system? - Answer-
innate immune system (adaptive immune system is slower to get started)
what is the function of histamine in helping with acute inflammation? - Answer-it causes
vasodilation and leakiness
mast-cells can also synthesize what substance to help with acute inflammation? -
Answer-PAF
, which has the greatest potential: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune
system? - Answer-adaptive immune system
the complement cascade plays a role in what? - Answer-acute inflamamtion
what are the 3 pathways of the complement cascade? - Answer-1) lectin pathway
2) classical pathway
3) alternative pathway
all 3 pathways (classical, alternative, lectin) come together at what component? -
Answer-C3
which would you expect to be more serious: C1 or C3 deficiency? - Answer-C3 because
C3 plays a role in 2/3 of the cascades whereas C1 only plays a role in the classical
pathway
the complement cascade results in what structure? - Answer-MAC (membrane-attack
complex)
what does MAC do? - Answer-it pops holes in bacterial cell walls
which pathway in the complement cascade is associated with the innate immune
system only? - Answer-lectin pathway
what does the lectin pathway require? - Answer-MBL
what does MBL bind? - Answer-anything but us
MBL is activated by what? - Answer-MASP-1 and MASP-2
what is the coagulation cascade? - Answer-it plays a role in acute inflammation by
activating platelets (leading to clotting)
what activates the coagulation cascade? - Answer-pathogens
the coagulation cascade leads to the formation of what? - Answer-thrombin
what does thrombin do? - Answer-thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin, which is the
meshwork that leads to the formation of a clot
what activates the plasma kinin cascade? - Answer-PRR activation
plasma kinin cascade leads to the formation of what molecule? - Answer-bradykinin
what does bradykinin lead to? (3) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) vascular permeability
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