Exam (elaborations)
PSL 431 FINAL EXAM Cumulative Review Exam Questions with Correct Answers
- Course
- Institution
PSL 431 FINAL EXAM Cumulative Review Exam Questions with Correct Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
PSL 431 FINAL EXAM CumulativeReview Exam Questions with Correct
Answers
All of the following statements correctly describe how ions move across the plasma
membrane of a cell, EXCEPT:
(a) Ions may move in or out of the cell, depending on the electrical and concentration
driving forces acting on the ion
(b) Ions passively diffuse through the plasma membrane
(c) Ion movement can change membrane potential in neurons
(d) Ion movement can change membrane potential in muscle cells
(e) Protein channels or transporters are required to move ions across the plasma
membrane - Answer-(b) Ions passively diffuse through the plasma membrane
Which of the following BEST describes why health professionals typically administer
0.9% saline via IV instead of pure water?
(a) Pure water is hypotonic, so it would cause a patient's cells to shrink
(b) Pure water is hypotonic, so it would cause a patient's cells to swell
(c) Pure water is hypertonic, so it would cause a patient's cells to shrink
(d) Pure water is hypertonic, so it would cause a patient's cells to swell
(e) Pure water and 0.9% saline are both isotonic and will not alter cell size - Answer-(b)
Pure water is hypotonic, so it would cause a patient's cells to swell
The Nernst potential of Na+ is +60 mV. From this information, you can tell Na+ is more
concentrated ___ the cell, so at resting potential (assume to be -70 mV), it will tend to
flow ___ the cell via its electrochemical gradient.
(a) Inside; into
(b) Inside; out of
(c) Outside; into
(d) Outside; out of
(e) Impossible to tell from the given information - Answer-(c) Outside; into
Which of the following BEST describes the structural polarity of epithelial cells?
(a) They have a sarcoplasmic reticulum that enables them to buffer Ca++
(b) They express the Na+/K+ pump on their basolateral membrane
(c) They have an apical membrane that borders the blood
(d) They contain GPCR receptors that are only found at the apical membrane
(e) They have dendrites at one end and an axon at the other end - Answer-(b) They
express the Na+/K+ pump on their basolateral membrane
Which of the following events causes the rapid, massive depolarization that occurs in an
action potential of a typical neuron or skeletal muscle cell?
(a) Leak Na+ channels open, causing massive Na+ influx into the cell
,(b) Leak K+ channels close, preventing K+ efflux from the cell
(c) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing massive Na+ influx into the cell
(d) Voltage-gated K+ channels close, preventing massive K+ efflux from the cell
(e) Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open, causing massive Ca++ influx into the cell -
Answer-(c) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing massive Na+ influx into the cell
How are rods and cones SIMILAR in how they contribute to vision?
(a) They have the same amount of phototransduction pigments
(b) They all have the same three forms of photopigments
(c) They are both depolarized when they absorb light
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above - Answer-(e) None of the above
Visual and auditory stimuli are similarly processed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(a) Visual and auditory stimuli are detected by specialized receptor cells
(b) Both systems convey information to the brain via nerves
(c) Both systems send information to the primary cortex
(d) Both systems convey information to the thalamus
(e) Visual and auditory primary cortices are located in the same lobe of the brain -
Answer-(e) Visual and auditory primary cortices are located in the same lobe of the
brain
How is the process of contraction SIMILAR in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
cells?
(a) They all have T-tubules that convey the action potential into the muscle fiber
(b) They all have tropomyosin and troponin
(c) Neuronal release of ACh is required for each of them to contract
(d) Decreased cytoplasmic Ca++ is required for each of them to relax
(e) They all have dihydropyridine receptors that lift out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release Ca++ - Answer-(d) Decreased cytoplasmic Ca++ is required for each of them to
relax
Which of the following accurately describes how ligand binding at a receptor alters
cellular signaling?
(a) Ligand-binding to a ligand-gated ion channels increases transcription
(b) Ligand-binding to a GPCR causes phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine and an
intracellular kinase cascade
(c) Ligand-binding to a nuclear receptor increases ion transport across the plasma
membrane
(d) Ligand-binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor leads to activation of intracellular
kinases
(e) None of the above are true - Answer-(d) Ligand-binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor
leads to activation of intracellular kinases
Activation of sensory neurons (by an adequate stimulus) is required for which of the
following physiological functions?
,(a) Myotatic reflex
(b) Sensation of pain
(c) Sensation of being touched
(d) Nociceptor reflex
(e) All of the above - Answer-(e) All of the above
Which of the following tissues/cells receives dual innervation from both the sympathetic
and parasympathetic system?
(a) Skeletal muscle
(b) Somatic efferent (motor) neurons (SEN)
(c) Cardiac muscle in the heart
(d) Fat cells
(e) All of the above - Answer-(c) Cardiac muscle in the heart
When functioning as a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine can:
(a) Bing muscarinic acetylcholinergic receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells
and subsequently allow influx of positively-charged ions
(b) Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells and
subsequently allow activation of G(q) but not G(i)
(c) Bind muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of autonomic target tissue
cells and subsequently allow influx of positively-charged ions
(d) Bind muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of autonomic target tissue
cells and subsequently allow activation of G(q) or G(i)
(e) All of the above - Answer-(d) Bind muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface
of autonomic target tissue cells and subsequently allow activation of G(q) or G(i)
During a typical motor reflex:
(a) Several different neurotransmitters (such as GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine)
are involved
(b) Central synaptic connections between somatic afferent neurons (SAN) and
interneurons are made in the spinal cord
(c) The final action normally requires the coordination of agonistic and antagonistic
muscles
(d) The reflex can occur without the involvement of the brain
(e) All of the above - Answer-(e) All of the above
Which of the following descriptions of physiological changes following inflammatory pain
is INCORRECT?
(a) The same stimulus intensity will normally cause higher firing rate of action potentials
in the nociceptor
(b) There is an increase of blood flow around the injury site because the activation of
opiate receptors is decreased
(c) There is an increase in histamine release from mast cells
(d) There is swelling around the injury site because there is an increase of fluid leaking
from the capillaries
, (e) All of the above are TRUE - Answer-(b) There is an increase of blood flow around
the injury site because the activation of opiate receptors is decreased
Production and diffusion of NO (nitric oxide) from the endothelium cells to smooth
muscle cells can cause relaxation of the smooth muscle in the blood vessel. This is
because of which of the following?
(a) Nitric oxide can activate the M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the surface of
smooth muscle cells
(b) Nitric oxide can activate the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor on the surface of smooth
muscle cells
(c) Nitric oxide can activate G(s)-coupled receptors on the surface of smooth muscle
cells
(d) Nitric oxide can inhibit the M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptor on the surface of
smooth muscle cells
(e) None of the above - Answer-(e) None of the above
An obstructive lung disease is characterized by which of the following?
(a) Reduced ability to generate a transpulmonary pressure sufficient to achieve
adequate lung inflation
(b) Stiffening of the rib cage or lung tissue so that greater muscular effort is required to
inflate the lungs
(c) An increase in airway resistance due to airway narrowing, bronchospasm, or airway
inflammation
(d) A reduction in total local capacity
(e) A decrease in residual volume, typically to less than 20% of total lung capacity -
Answer-(c) An increase in airway resistance due to airway narrowing, bronchospasm, or
airway inflammation
L-type calcium channels within ventricular cardiomyocytes begin to open and remain
open between which two points in the typical pressure-volume loop?
(a) From point 1 to point 2
(b) From point 1 to point 3
(c) From point 1 to point 4
(d) From point 2 to point 3
(e) From point 2 to point 4 - Answer-(e) From point 2 to point 4
What function do goblet cells serve within the respiratory airways?
(a) They produce airway surfactant, which helps to lower airway surface tension
(b) They are the source of mucus which coats the inner surface of the airways, helping
to trap inhaled particulates
(c) They phagocytize bacteria and other pathogens, which are inhaled into the airways
through the nose and mouth
(d) They reabsorb excess chloride and bicarbonate, helping to keep the airways dry
(e) Their function within the airways is unknown - Answer-(b) They are the source of
mucus which coats the inner surface of the airways, helping to trap inhaled particulates
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lectknancy. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $20.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
48756 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now