100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Comprehensive Leadership in Organizations Notes $6.44
Add to cart

Class notes

Comprehensive Leadership in Organizations Notes

 14 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

Comprehensive lecture notes from the Leadership in Organizations (P_MLEAORG) course written in English. This course is part of the Master Work & Organizational Psychology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU). Examples and images are used to make the text/terms clearer.

Preview 3 out of 28  pages

  • December 2, 2024
  • 28
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Mark van vugt
  • All classes
avatar-seller
Leadership in Organizations
Lecturer: Mark van Vugt

Lecture 1: 29 okt 2024
Why Leadership? Origins and Evolution
Leadership is a process whereby one individual, the leader, influences others, the followers,
to engage in joint activities and/or achieve joint goals
 There is no one good leader for all situations, characteristics of good leaders depend
on the context, situation, environment, culture and more
 Spending money on leadership development does not necessarily increase confidence
in leadership or in leaders, there is in fact a negative correlation

There is a lot of industry about leadership that is mostly not
evidence-based, leadership development programs cost around 20
billion euros per year, but very few are being evaluated.

Most of these programs are anecdotal (not necessarily true or reliable, based on personal
accounts), from successful CEO’s to management gurus. A lot of books/programs are based
on modern trends and just state what people want to hear at that moment.

The science of leadership:
 There is a narrow focus on the people in charge, but what about the followers?
 Leader selection is assumed to be a rational process, but is it really?
 There is a lot of focus on leadership in formal organizations looking at formal
managers, but a lot of leadership happens elsewhere, for example sports teams
 The ‘romance’ of leadership bias, we over glorify the idea of leadership and think it is
responsible for more than the actual part

The ‘romance’ of leadership bias is an attributional bias towards the importance of
leadership in the functioning of organizations and the ability of leaders to control and
influence organizational outcomes
 It is the tendency to view leadership as the most important factor for the success or
failure of organizations
 People have the tendency to immediately blame the leaders and not consider any
environmental or external causes

Learning goals: get insight into the history of leadership research and into the major schools
in leadership theory, understand the evolutionary and biological origins of leadership, learn
about leadership in traditional societies and understand the common misperceptions and the
realities about leadership.

Leading individuals emerge from history, because the time is right, the time was right to be
evolving a new theory. The right person on the right time (zeitgeist theory).

1

,Old history of leadership research focuses on two contrasting theories, the ‘great man theory’
and the ‘zeitgeist theory’ of leadership
 The great man theory refers to the belief that leaders are born with innate qualities
rather than being made through experience, so leaders are born and not made,
individuals rise to positions of power due to inherent traits rather than acquired skills
 The zeitgeist theory refers to the belief that leaders and the characteristics that they
exhibited were product of social circumstances during a specific time, leaders are
products of the social conditions and spirit of their time, rather than driving forces
themselves (leadership = person x situation)

100 years of leadership research, ranging from 1920 to 2020:
 Trait approaches to leadership, focus
on personality and IQ, around the
1920s
 Behavioral school of leadership,
focus on what leaders actually do
(Ohio-studies)
 Contingency approach to leadership,
focus on the person and environment
relationship and the interest in
followership, around the 1960s/1970s
 Contextual approach to leadership, focus on the role of cultural factors, emerging
around the 1980s because people started to travel the world
 Sceptic school of leadership, the romance of leadership (the importance of leadership)
 Relational approaches to leadership, LMX (leader-member exchange) and the quality
of the leader-follower relationship
 New leadership school, focus on charismatic, visionary and transformational
leadership, emerging around the 1990s
 Information processing approach to leadership and followership, the cognitive
revolution and implicit leadership theories
 Evolutionary, biological and neuroscience school of leadership-genes, hormones,
brains and evolutionary processes

Exercise of leadership combinations: a-6, b-5, c-7, d-1, e-9, f-2, g-4, h-8, 1-3.




2

, According to the evolutionary, biological and neuroscience approach, leadership is a universal
cross-species phenomenon.
 It states that leadership is a coordination device and that there are no leaders without
followers
 Innate mental algorithms to follow in evolutionarily-relevant contexts, different
contexts activate different leader prototypes
 Leadership and leader preferences are genetically and socially transmitted (cultural)

The evolutionary leadership theory is focused on searching for simple, adaptive follower
heuristics, for example:
 Input: dangerous environment, self-protection
is required
 Followership mechanism: following a leader is necessary and will help to survive,
select an individual that can protect me and the group
 Adaptive outcomes: endorse a physically strong leader

Is there a gene for leadership? Probably not, there are a lot of complex traits (like leadership)
that are determined by thousands of genes, so it is highly unlikely that we will find a gene for
leadership.

However, genes may be responsible for some broad personality traits associated with
leadership, for example extraversion or conscientiousness, these traits are to some extent (40-
60%) heritable.

Do we have a brain for leadership? Probably not, according to neuroscience, it is unlikely to
find specific brain regions associated with leadership because it is not concentrated in the
brain
 Neural connectivity may be associated with differences in traits associated with
leadership, for example cognitive fluidity, default mode network
 Fluctuating or base line hormones may be associated with traits associated with
leadership, for example testosterone or cortisol



Lecture 2: 30 okt 2024
How to Study Leadership? Research Methods (Guest Lecture)
Examples of research methods to study leadership are surveys, interviews, Vignette
experiments, coordination games, biographical approaches, secondary data, cognitive tasks,
eye-tracking, neuroimaging, hormones, AI and big data.

Surveys and interviews consist of validated questionnaires and (semi) structured interviews,
this could be on paper or online. Researchers use thresholds and criteria to classify responses
 Research questions focus on identifying effective leadership behaviors and to classify
behaviors


3

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller IBS2000. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $6.44. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$6.44
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added