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Urinary system notes
provides an overview of the urinary system, functions, physiology, histology, and role in fluid balance.
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urinary lecture24.0 Urinary System
Waste products
Produced from all cells
Enter the blood from tissues/cells
Filtered from the blood by the kidneys
Eliminated in urine through
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urinary system
Body’s “water treatment plant”
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
24.1 Introduction to the Urinary System
1.Identify the structures that compose the urinary system, and provide a description of general
function of each.
2.List the functions of the kidneys.
Learning Objectives:
24.1 Introduction to the Urinary System
Components of the urinary system
a. Kidneys, filter blood
Remove waste products and convert filtrate into urine
b. Ureters, transport urine
From kidneys to urinary bladder
c. Bladder, expandable muscular sac
Stores as much as 1 L urine
d. Urethra, eliminates urine from body
urinary lecture 1
, Other functions of the kidney
Regulation of ion levels and acid-base balance
Helps control blood’s inorganic ion balance
E.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+
Aids in maintaining acid-base balance
Alters levels of H+ and HCO3-
Regulation of blood pressure
Alters amount of fluid lost in urine
Helps regulate blood volume
Releases renin enzyme
Required for production of angiotensin II
Hormone results in increased blood pressure
Elimination of biologically active molecules
Hormones
Drugs
Calcitriol
Synthesizes final enzyme in calcitriol hormone formation
Production and release of erythropoietin
Indirectly measures oxygen level of blood
Secretes erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low blood oxygen
Stimulates red bone marrow to increase rate of erythrocyte production
Erythrocytes transport oxygen from lungs
Potential to engage in gluconeogenesis
During prolonged fasting or starvation
Produces glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
urinary lecture 2
, 24.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
24.2c Innervation of Kidney
Each kidney innervated by both divisions of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nerves from T10–T12
Blood vessels of kidney and juxtaglomerular apparatus
Decreases urine production
Parasympathetic nerves from CN X
Specific effects not known
24.3a Nephron
Structures of the kidney
Nephrons, collecting tubules, collecting ducts (and associated structures)
Nephron
Microscopic functional filtration unit of kidney
Consists of: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
All of corpuscle and most of tubules reside in cortex
Renal corpuscle
Enlarged bulbous region of nephron within renal cortex
Vascular pole, afferent and efferent arterioles attach to glomerulus
Tubular pole, origin of renal tubule
Composed of two structures: glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
Tangle of capillary loops, glomerular capillaries
Blood enters via afferent arteriole
Blood exits via efferent arteriole
Glomerular capsule
Internal permeable visceral layer
urinary lecture 3
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