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BIOL 4100 TEST 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE

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BIOL 4100 TEST 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Muscle contraction is triggered by nerve impulses which stimulate release of ______ from _______ Ca2+; sarcoplasmicreticulum Increased Ca2+ affects 2 actin filament binding proteins: tropomyosin and tro...

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  • December 3, 2024
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BIOL 4100 TEST 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE


Muscle contraction is triggered by nerve impulses which stimulate release of

______ from _______

Ca2+; sarcoplasmicreticulum

Increased Ca2+ affects 2 actin filament binding proteins:

tropomyosin and troponin (see slide 2 lecture 16)

Action potential propagates across

plasma membrane

It propagates thought T-tubules (thatextend to each myofibril)

inwards

Voltage gated T-tubule Ca2+channel opens and triggers ______ and leads to

________

opening ofCa2+ sarcoplasmic reticulum channel; rapid calcium ion influx

Influx is _______ as calcium is pumped back by an abundant ________

transient; ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump

Muscle fibers are large cells formed by ______ of many cells during development

Fusion

Smooth muscle cells lack

Regular striations

Contractile bundles are oriented

,to the long axisof the cells

Contractile bundles

greatly shortens the cell

long axis of the cell coincides with

direction of contraction

Smooth muscle cells do not express

troponin

Muscle stimulation triggers (pathway)

Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum -> Calcium binds to

calmodulin -> Calmodulin binds to myosin light chain kinase -> MLCK phosphorylates

myosin light chain -> Phosphorylation stimulates myosin activity

In non-muscle cells, contractile assemblies are similar to

muscle fibers

Examples of contractile assemblies:

Stress fibers and adhesion belts

Displacement is ______ dependent

myosin

Myosin 5

Lower force generation + Longer steps = Efficiency

Myosin VI

walks in opposite direction (-) direction

Myosin directionality is defined by

lever arms and converter domain

, Microtubules are______ that undergo _______

rigid hollow rods; continual assembly and disassembly

Microtubules functions

cell movements and determining cell shape.

_______ polymerize to form microtubules: ______ protofilaments around a _____

core

Tubulin dimers; 13; hollow

Protofilaments are _____ arrays of tubulin dimers arranged ____

head-to-tail; parallel

What determines the direction of movement?

polarity (plus and minusends)

What are microtubules made of?

globular protein tubulin

Tubulin dimers consist of

α-tubulin and β-tubulin, which are encodedby related genes.

Microtubular lattice is imperfect. True of False

True (discontinuity exists in the microtubule wall; a seam which is a weak point)

The are two types of microtubules in the cell:

-axonemal

-non axonemal

axonemal microtubules

-form cytoskeletal part of cilia and flagella

-easy to purify

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