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Class notes Operating System Design Operating System Concepts

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**Operating System Design** by IIT Guwahati, under the guidance of **Mr. Jyoti Prakash Mohanta**, is an in-depth exploration of the principles and architecture of operating systems. This resource is tailored for students, researchers, and professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of the i...

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  • December 4, 2024
  • 9
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Jyoti prakash mohanta
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1. Operating system services:
 An operating system provides an environment for the execution of programs.
 It provides certain services to programs and to the users of those programs.




[A view of operating system services]
The following are the services provided by operating system to the users:

User interface:
 Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).This interface can take several
forms.
 One form is Command-line interface (CLI) which uses text commands and it provides
a way for entering them. For example-Command prompt in Windows and Terminal for
Linux environment.
 Another form is Batch interface that receives files which contains commands and
executes one by one.
 One more form is Graphical user interface (GUI). This is a window system with a
pointing device to direct I/O, choose from menus and make selections and a keyboard to
enter text.

Program execution:
 The system must be able to load a program into memory and to run that program. The
program must be able to end its execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating
error).

I/O operations:
 A running program may require I/O resources like file or an I/O device.
 For specific devices, special functions may be desired (such as recording to a CD or
DVD drive).
 Therefore, the operating system must provide away to do I/O operation to the running
program.

Sri Jyoti Prakash Mohanta, Asst. Prof. of Computer Science, F.M. Autonomous College, Balasore. Page 1

, File-system manipulation:
 Operating system provides functionalities for create, open, read, write, close and delete
files.

Communications:
 There are many circumstances in which one process needs to exchange information
with another process.
 Such communication may occur between processes that are executing on the same
computer or between processes that are executing on different computer systems tied
together by a computer network.
 Communications may be implemented via shared memory, in which two or more
processes read and write to a shared section of memory, or message passing, in which
packets of information in predefined formats are moved between processes by the
operating system.

Error detection:
 Errors may occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices and in the user
program (such as an arithmetic overflow, an attempt to access an illegal memory
location, or a too-great use of CPU time).
 For each type of error, the operating system should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing.
 Sometimes, it has no choice but to halt the system. At other times, it might terminate an
error-causing process or return an error code to a process for the process to detect and
possibly correct.

Resource allocation:
 When there are multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same time, resources must
be allocated to each of them.
 The operating system manages many different types of resources such as CPU cycles,
main memory, and file storage.

Accounting:
 Operating system keeps track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources.

Protection and security:
 Operating system provides various protection and security mechanism to ensure that
only authorized process can access resource for execution.

2. System Calls:
 System calls provide an interface to the services provided by an OS. These calls are
generally available as routines written in C, C++ and some may be using assembly-
language instructions.



Sri Jyoti Prakash Mohanta, Asst. Prof. of Computer Science, F.M. Autonomous College, Balasore. Page 2

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