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OSSF II Exam 1: Questions With Correct Solutions
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OSSF II Exam 1: Questions With Correct Solutions
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OSSF II Exam 1: Questions With Correct SolutionsWhich of the following is not a place you would find transitional epithelium in
the kidney? Right Ans - *** here are all the places you would
renal calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, proximal urethra
What type of epitihelium lines the renal papilla? Right Ans - cuboidal
What are the layers of the ureter? Right Ans - (lumen) mucosa, muscularis,
adventitia
What are the layers of the urinary bladder? Right Ans - (lumen) mucosa,
muscularis, serosa
5 steps of reabsorption process Right Ans - 1. transport across apical
membrane
2. through the cytosol of epithelial cell
3. transport across basolateral membrane
4. across the interstitial fluid
5. across the capillary wall
transcellular reabsorption vs paracellular reabsorption Right Ans -
transcellular is a two step process with separate efflux and influx steps
utilizing transporters and channels (active?)
paracellular is always a passive process through tight junctions
With the exception of what, all transport involves channels and transporters
that are regulated by signaling pathways. Right Ans - simple diffusion
through the lipid bilayer
3 common mechanisms for regulating channel and transporter activity
Right Ans - 1. transport proteins are regulated by translocation
2. transport protein levels are regulated by synthesis/degredation
3. transport proteins are activated or inhibited by attaching ligands, either
covalently or reversibly
(primarily active transport)
,What is the main driver for Na being reabsorbed? Right Ans -
electrochemical gradient
What allows various reabsorbed constituents "against" their concentration
gradients? Right Ans - symport processes (Na coupled)
What transporters are involved in glucose reabsorption? Which of them are
insulin independent? Right Ans - SGLT 1 and 2 (and GLUT 1 and 2)
What transporters are on the apical membrane? Right Ans - SGLT 1 (2 Na 1
glucose) and 2 (1 Na and 1 glucose)
What transporters are on the basal membrane? Right Ans - GLUT 1 and 2
Where does renal glucose reabsorption occur? Right Ans - in the proximal
convoluted tubule (segments 1, 2, and 3)
Where does the majority of glucose get filtered? Right Ans - S1 segment of
the proximal convoluted tubule
90% happens here
via SGLT 2 and GLUT 2
True or False. At normal levels of plasma glucose, all filtered glucose is
absorbed and none should be excreted. Right Ans - true - why you
shouldn't see glucose in the urine
When would osmolality (kg) and osmolarity (L) be essentially equivalent?
Right Ans - in a dilute solution like plasma or serum
The number of ionic charges per liter Right Ans - milliequivalents/liter
At what pH is blood/interstitial fluid regulated? Right Ans - 7.38 - 7.4 - said
we didn't need to memorize numbers but should know its slightly alkaline
(which makes sense cause there is lots of bicarb floating around in the blood
but not a lot of H+ ions)
What activity in the body is dependent on approproiate pH? Right Ans -
enzyme activity is dependent on appropriate pH
,Acidemia Right Ans - decreased blood pH (below reference interval 7.0)
A patient with low pH would be called Right Ans - acidemic
Alkalemia Right Ans - increased blood pH (above reference interval 7.7)
A patient with high blood pH would be called Right Ans - alkalemic
Acidosis Right Ans - physiological condition that acts to increase H+
concentration
may be caused by the addition of acid or loss of a buffer
can be further classified by the type of acid present (ketoacidosis, lactic
acidosis, etc)
Acidotic Right Ans - a patient with acidosis
Alkalosis Right Ans - physiological condition that acts to decrease H+
concentration
cause by increase of buffer/base or loss of acid
Alkalotic Right Ans - a patient with alkalosis
True or false. Patients with acidosis/alkalosis often have pH within the
reference interval. Right Ans - true - it has to do with H+ ions
if it was acidemia or alkalemia than the pH would be abnormal
Physiologic pH can be maintained by.... Right Ans - buffering
compensation (metabolic or respiratory)
mixed acid/base abnormalities (acidosis and concurrent alkalosis
Types of acids in the body Right Ans - volatile acids (Co2 carbonic acid)
non volatile acids
Co2 (volatile acid) sources in the body Right Ans - carbohydrate oxidation
(TCA cycle)
, B oxidation of fatty acids (which provides acetyl CoA to the TCA cycle
** body is constantly producing CO2 just from metabolism
Sources of Non-volatile acids Right Ans - anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid)
B oxidation of fatty acids (can use ketone production)
amino acid metabolism
nucleic acid oxidation
fecal base loss (loss of base is essentially the same thing as gaining an acid)
What is a buffer system? Right Ans - a buffer system is formed when a
weak acid and its conjugate base are both present in a solution
What acids are completely dissociated at physiologic pH and cannot bind or
release any H+ ions Right Ans - strong acids
What acids are incompletely dissociated at physiologic pH? Right Ans -
weak acids (ex carbonic acid)
True or false. Weaker acids have lower pKa values? Right Ans - False.
weaker acids have higher pKa values
stronger acids have lower pKa values
- think of it like the same as pH
When would the buffer be at maximum buffering capacity? Right Ans - the
pH when the conjugate acid is the same as the base
the pKa is also the pH when this happens
What equation estimated the pH of a buffer solution? Right Ans -
henderson hasselbach
- just need to know pKa and concentration of soluted
Buffer systems in the body Right Ans - Bicarbonate (primary extracellular
buffer in blood/plasma)
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