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NSG 251 Exam 1 | 130 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT | LATEST 2025
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NSG 251 Exam 1 | 130 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT | LATEST 2025
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NSG 251 Exam 1 | 130 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%CORRECT | LATEST 2025
Define Pharmacology - ANSWER The study of science of drugs
Chemical name - ANSWER The name that describes the chemical composition
and molecular structure of a drug
Generic Name - ANSWER The official or non-dietary name that is given by the
United States Adopted Names Council *Never Capitalized*
Trade name - ANSWER Proprietary name given by the company that
manufactures the medication *Always capitalized*
What are the four processes involved in pharmacokinetics? - ANSWER
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Absorption: - ANSWER The movement of a drug from the site of administration
to the bloodstream [ Highly dependent upon the route of administration; No
absorption in IV administration b/c it goes directly into blood]
What affects absorption? - ANSWER Time of day, PH of stomach, form of drug
preparation, presence of food in the stomach
Bioavailability - ANSWER Extent of the drug absorbed for a given drug and
route (0-100%) [Drug passes through liver and smaller amount passes into
circulation]
,First-Pass effect: - ANSWER Initial metabolism in liver of a drug absorbed from
GI tract before drug reaches systemic circulation through bloodstream
High-first pass effect - ANSWER High formation of inactive metabolites in the
liver - Oral drugs have bioavailability of less than 100%, Intravenous drugs have
100% bioavailability
Distribution: - ANSWER The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site
of action
In distribution, what are the areas of rapid distribution? - ANSWER Heart, liver,
kidneys, and brain [Areas with extensive blood supply]
Albumin: - ANSWER Most common blood protein and carries majority of
protein-bound drug molecules
- Decreased albumin: Burns, malnourishment, older adult, liver dysfunction -->
Increased toxicity in some medications
- If a drug is bound to protein then it becomes inactive
- Less albumin = more free drug = toxicity
Metabolism: - ANSWER [Also referred to a biotransformation] The biochemical
alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more
potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
What is the organ more responsible of metabolism of drugs? - ANSWER Liver
, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme - ANSWER Enzymes that control a variety of
reactions that aid in the metabolism of drugs, they target lipid-soluble drugs that
are typically hard to eliminate; they are responsible for metabolism of the
majority of medications
Most important Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme? - ANSWER CYP 34A - Metabolize
about 50% of medications
P-Glycoprotein - ANSWER Plasma membrane protein that transports drugs out
of cell
Excretion - ANSWER Elimination of drugs from the body
Primary organ responsible for excretion? - ANSWER The kidney
Half-life - ANSWER The time required for one-half (50%) of a given drug to be
removed from the body [For example, if the peak level of a drug is 100 mg/L and
the measured drug level in 8 hours is 50 mg/L, then the estimated half-life of that
drug is 8 hours]
How many half-lives until most drugs are considered effectively removed? -
ANSWER 5 Half-lives (97% eliminated)
How do drugs work on the body? - ANSWER Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER The study of the mechanisms, biochemical and
physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity, in tissues
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