Class notes
BI 302 Endocrine System Lecture Notes
- Course
- BI 302
- Institution
- Queensborough Community College
This is a comprehensive and detailed lecture note on the endocrine system for Bi 302.
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A&P BIO 302Chapter 19: Blood vessels and blood circulation
I. Blood vessels, Veins and Capillaries
A. Tubular organs that are narrow and hallow
B. Differ in diameter size and function
C. 60,000 miles of blood vessels in an average adult
D. Bilateral symmetry (**such as eyes, ears, arms, legs, kidneys**)
II.
A. Systemic circulation circuits are blood vessels that transport blood out of the heart
and through the body and back to the heart
B. Pulmonary circulation system are blood vessels that transport blood out of the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart
C. Avascular tissues: tissues without blood vessels (** epithelia & cartilage)
1. They usually have an indirect supply located in the adjacent connective
tissues
2. Blood vessels for cartilage is located in the perichondrium
3. Avascular tissues indirectly get their supply of blood by vascular tissues
through the process of diffusion
D. Vascularized tissue: containing blood vessels
III. Functions of Blood Vessels and circulation
A. Carry blood from the heart through our circulation systems
B. Transports nutrients, gases, metabolic waste, hormones, enzymes, ions, water,
heat, platelets (for the immune system)
C. Blood vessels are essential for the exchange between the cardiovascular system
and the other vascular systems
1. Blood vessels enable for transport and exchange of nutrients and oxygen
D. Blood vessels and heart work together with our endocrine system and nervous
system to control our blood pressure
E. Blood vessels and heart work together with the endocrine system and nervous
system to regulate blood flow
1. An Integrative function
2. Allows the blood to flow in the body to areas that don’t need as much blood
supply to those that require more blood supply
3. Shunting is a process that moves the blood that is accomplished by
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
4. Vasodilation is the process in which he veins dilate/enlarge to allow more
blood to flow through the veins
5. Vasoconstriction is the process in which the veins constrict/get smaller for
areas that do not need as much blood supply
, 6. ***when blood vessels in certain areas in the blood go through vasodilation
the other area MUST go through vasoconstriction to enable Blood
Shunting***
F. Thermoregulation (the homeostasis of body temperature)
1. Changes blood flow
2. Blood in the dermis serve to either conserve heat or dissipate heat
3. Plasma in the blood transports the heat
4. In cold weather the blood vessels go through vasoconstriction
5. In hot weather the blood vessels go through vasodilation
G. Immunity
1. The body’s ability to protects itself from pathogens
2. Blood transport immune cells and antibodies
H. Maintain fluid homeostasis
1. Proper fluid balance in our body
2. Blood plasma (extracellular fluid): Mostly made out of water that can move in
both directions across the walls of blood capillaries
I. General homeostasis and proper body chemistry through the transportation of
various types of materials
1. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and other metabolical waste, nutrients, water,
hormones, enzymes, ions, other substances
IV. Arteries, Blood capillaries, and Veins
1. Are all organs
2. Tubular
A. 3 primary type of arteries in the order blood flows through them
1. Elastic Arteries (aka conducting arteries, conduction arteries, and large arteries)
a. Largest in diameter
b. closest to the heart (aorta, pulmonary trunk, brachiocephalic trunk, left common
carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery)
c. contain a large amount of elastic fibers in one of their middle walls
d. gives great extensibility and elasticity that allows blood to be propelled further
from heart when the ventricles are relaxed
e. as blood is being pumped out of the heart into the elastic arteries, the arteries
stretch and store potential energy within them.
f. They branch into smaller arteries called muscular arteries
g. They conduct blood into the muscular arteries
2. Muscular Arteries (aka Distributing arteries, distribution arteries, and medium sized
arteries)
a. Receives blood from the elastic arteries and transports them to the arterioles
b. Contain smooth muscle tissue which enables them to be good as
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
c. Regulates the movement of blood and blood flow
d. Distributes blood
e. Divide by branching to form our arterioles
3. Arterioles
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