Exam (elaborations)
NURS 517 UNIT 8, 9, 10 & 11 Pbls Questions answers latest update
- Course
- NURS 517
- Institution
- University Of Hawaii - Manoa
NURS 517 UNIT 8, 9, 10 & 11 Pbls Questions answers latest update
[Show more]
Content preview
NURS 517: UNIT 8, 9, 10 & 11 PblsWhen is empiric use of antibiotics justified? In principle antibiotics are
prescribed only if clinical or laboratory evidence supports it, because the use of
antibiotics for viral infections is usually inappropriate and can cause
unnecessary exposure and antibiotic resistance. List 5 conditions where the
empiric use of antibiotics is appropriate.
*Unit 8 PBLs
Antibiotics is justified when immediate treatment is required due to the delayed
availability of microbiological test results, which can take 24 to 72 hours.
1. CNS infections (i.e., bacterial meningitis or suspected viral encephalitis)
2. Systemic infection (i.e., severe sepsis or organ dysfunction)
3. Severe skin and soft tissue infections (i.e., MRSA)
4. Severe or moderate Community-acquired pneumonia
5. Non-pregnant adults with UTIs
List the 5 most commonly prescribed antibiotics in primary care.
*Unit 8 PBLs
1. Narrow-spectrum penicillin (28.6%)
2. Macrolides (14.0%)
3. 1st-gen cephalosporins (9.1%)
4. Tetracyclines (7.6%)
5. Penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitors (7.6%)
What are common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
*Unit 8 PBLs
,For genetic basis, mutational resistance and horizontal gene transfer are two
strategies to adapt to an antibiotic attack. These attacks include “i) mutations in
gene(s) often associated with the mechanism of action of the compound, and ii)
acquisition of foreign DNA coding for resistance determinants through horizontal
gene transfer (HGT)”.
For mechanistic basis, the following mechanisms exist, “i) modifications of the
antimicrobial target (decreasing the affinity for the drug, see below), i) a decrease
in the drug uptake, ii) activation of efflux mechanisms to extrude the harmful
molecule, or iv) global changes in important metabolic pathways via modulation
of regulatory networks”. These different biochemical routes can coexist at the
same time which produces an additive effect and increases the levels of
resistance.
List some of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria of current concern.
*Unit 8 PBLs
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Salmonella spp.
Define bacterial virulence factor? Give examples.
*Unit 8 PBLs
The ability of an organism to infect its host and cause disease
Cytosolic (enable the bacteria to quickly adapt by changing its morphology, and
metabolism
Membrane-related (virulence factors linked with the membrane help the bacteria
adhere to and evade the host cell)
Secretory (important parts of the bacterial armoury that aid in navigating the
host's innate & adaptive immune responses are the secretory factors)
Which antibiotic classes are most frequently associated with anaphylactic
responses?
, *Unit 8 PBLs
Beta-lactams are the primary cause of antibiotic anaphylactic response
Which antibiotics are safe for use during pregnancy and lactation?
*Unit 8 PBLs
Cephalosporins, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin, & vancomycin
What can be some of the consequences of antibiotic use in the neonatal and
pediatric populations?
*Unit 8 PBLs
Negative effects on their immune system, with alterations in both innate and
adaptive immunity observed
Antibiotics increases risk for "asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, celiac
disease, overweight, obesity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
Which co-morbidities can influence antibiotic dosing?
*Unit 8 PBLs
Kidney and liver disease must be taken into consideration as excretion via urine
and feces are the primary modes by which drugs are removed from the body
1. List common food–antibiotic interactions.
*Unit 8 PBLs
- Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) administered with calcium-
fortified juice can potentially bind to the antibiotic, altering the maximum
concentration of the drug in the bloodstream and total exposure overtime
- Linezolid is a nonselective monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitor that should not
be taken with large amounts of tyramine rich foods (e.g., aged cheese, cured
meats). Inhibition of MOA in the gastrointestinal tract or liver can lead to
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Schoolflix. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53340 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now