SolutionManualfor X. X.
Statistics for Nursing X. X.
X. Research A X.
X. Workbookfor X
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X. Evidence-Based
X. Practice 3rd Edition
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X. SusanGrove Daisha
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded X. X. X. X. X. X.
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels X
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1
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Ordinal, Interval, and X. X . X .
Ratio X .
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
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categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
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drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
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usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
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therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
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category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
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Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
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foryour answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
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for thissample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
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sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
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resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
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Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
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Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X.
study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000
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b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
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the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
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catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
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ended
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categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
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(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
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(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to
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greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from
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the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray,
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2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
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scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
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toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
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symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
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to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
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6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
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forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
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Xscores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
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Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
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Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
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of this result.
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Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
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greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of
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thesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
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jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
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cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
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such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially
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thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
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an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
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percent (%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
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patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients
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not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
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calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) ×
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100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8%
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= 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
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question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants
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from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
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clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. X.
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick,
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easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
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X.status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
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functional statusof cardiac patients.
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3
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10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
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measurementfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
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your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study
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was measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on
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walking, climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative).
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This was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total
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Exercise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-level data and
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analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al.,
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2017).
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