intro to bio
term fall 23
topic: ch 1 themes of biology
date: 8/2528
biology the study of life
science knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of generals laws
especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method
theory a suggested explanation that is tested and confirmed for observations or
phenomena; very close to fact
some refer to natural sciences as hard sciences because they rely on quantitative
data
one things is common to all science; the goal to know
inductive reasoning- use observations or data to come to a conclusion, deal with
experimental results; descriptive science, quantitative or qualitative
generalizations
intro to bio 1
, deductive reasoning- predict results based on previous data or observations,
hypothesize; hypothesis based science
hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable; never proven, rather supported
variable any part of an experiment that can vary or change
control group contains every feature but is not manipulated
basic science seeks to expand knowledge on a short term application
applied science aka technology uses science to solve real world problems,
typically defined for the researcher
serendipity by means of a fortunate accident or lucky surprise
peer reviewed manuscripts are scientific papers that peers review to ensure
originality, significance, logic, and thoroughness
abstract concise summary of research
cell the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms,
viruses are not made of cells
prokaryotes no membrane bound nuclei and can be single celled
eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and nucleus
tissues groups of similar cells carrying out related functions
organs collection of tissue that perform common function
organ system contains functionally related organs
community sum of populations in a particular area
ecosystem is the living things and abiotic parts of an environment
biosphere collection of all ecosystems, represent zones of life on earth
least to most diverse→ cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere
intro to bio 2
, summary: Biology is the study of life, and is supported by science.
Theories, which are very close to fact, help explain such phenomenas.
Qualitative and quantitative generalizations can be reached through
inductive reasoning, whereas deductive reason uses previously thought
hypothesis and research to form conclusions. to make a theory, a
hypothesis that is testable and falsifiable must be formed. These are
never proven, rather supported by testing.
topic: ch 2 section one atoms, isotopes,
ions
date: 8/28
common elements- carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass.
Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical
properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical
reactions.
atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical
properties.
nucleus, which is in the atom's center and contains protons and neutrons.
hydrogen H is the only exception and is made of one proton and one electron
with no neutrons.
proton is positively charged; 1 amu
neutron is uncharged. 1 amu
Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, 0 amu
The number of protons determines an elementʼs atomic number
the number of protons and neutrons determine an elementʼs mass number
atomic mass, which is the calculated mean of the mass number for its naturally
occurring isotopes.
intro to bio 3
, Isotopes are different forms of an element that have the same number of protons
but a different number of neutrons.
chemical reactivity, the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each
other.
Molecules are simply two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
octet rule, which states, with the exception of the innermost shell, that atoms are
more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell,
the outermost electron shell. All reactions are based on electrons.
noble or inert gases are nonreactive
As a result of losing a negatively charged electron, they become positively
charged ions
electron orbitals the path electrons travel around the nuclear region
Chemical reactions occur when two or more atoms bond together to form
molecules or when bonded atoms break apart.
reactants the substances used in the beginning of a chemical reaction
products substances at the end of the reaction
balanced chemical equation, wherein each element's number of atoms is the
same on each side of the equation. According to the law of conservation of
matter, the number of atoms before and after a chemical reaction should be equal,
such that no atoms are, under normal circumstances, created or destroyed.
Energy is simply rearranged.
reducing agent: loses electrons, more positive (oxidized by something)
oxidizing agent: gains electrons, more negative (reduced by something)
compounds they contain atoms of more than one type of element.
Cations are positive ions that form by losing electrons.
Negative ions form by gaining electrons, which we call anions. they contain the
ending “-ideˮ
Ionic bonds form between ions with opposite charges.
electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, and calcium), ions necessary for nerve
impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance.
intro to bio 4
