2024/2025 MICROBIOLOGY BRADER
EXAM 4 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS- Study of the incidence (how many) and
prevalence (how often) of a disease.
Mutualism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two species in
which both species benefit. (ex: Bees gather nectar, but they also spread
pollen to flowers benefitting flowers, so they have a mutualistic relationship)
Commensalism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two
organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is *unaffected* (ex:
Flora grows in our body and benefits from us, we are unaffected.)
Antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS- Normally a piece of a protein or sugar.
Causes a reaction in the immune system.
Exogenous Antigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens outside of the cell -
usually bacterial infections are caused in the tissues
Endogenous Antigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens inside of the cell -
usually viral infections. Can also be cancer cells. (tumor, virus)
Autoantigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens in autoimmune disease (ex:
ANA in Lupus)
,B cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- Make antibodies. B cell receptors are attached
to the b cell and they look like a Y. The variable region is variable because
you can make a trillion different types of it. It sits in the lymph node or
spleen until it sees an antigen.
Antibodies Duties/Roles - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1. Neutralization: binds to the
H so antigen can't attach to our cells.
2. Opsonization: targets for destruction (phagocytosis)
3. Agglutination: clumping
4. Complement: directly killing the bacteria
Immunoglobin - CORRECT ANSWERS- Attached to B cell receptors. (you need
T cells to tell B cells what antibody to make)
IgM - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1st antibody produced (only works in
complement) Pretty crappy antibody.
Neutralism - CORRECT ANSWERS- Neither species benefits or is harmed
Parasitism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two organisms of
different species where *one benefits* and the *other is harmed* ex: tick,
parasite worm, hookworm
indigenous - CORRECT ANSWERS- Native; ex: resident flora (on or within
body). If they are destroyed, it can cause CDIF, yeast infections, etc.
Sites void of bacteria in humans - CORRECT ANSWERS- Blood and tissues,
feces, lymph, urine, spinal fluid, internal tissues, in utero (no flora even in
utero)
, Residential Flora - CORRECT ANSWERS- The residents have taken up
residence! In the mouth, gut, and on the skin. Permanent. They do not
produce disease. 87% microbes are beneficial, 10% are bad. They have
adapted to us.
Transient Flora - CORRECT ANSWERS- Microbes that reside on the skin
surface and are easily removed; they last about 2 weeks - 1 month. They
can't compete with residential flora. They don't 'stick.' Ex: bacteria in yogurt.
They do good in us, but do not last.
Adhesion of Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS- Viruses need to be able to
attach to human to infect; once they attach, they replicate.
Objective - CORRECT ANSWERS- Signs. What we can see and measure.
(Looking at an OBJECT)
Subjective - CORRECT ANSWERS- Feelings. What we cannot neccesarily see,
but the SUBJECT reports to us.
Asymptomatic - CORRECT ANSWERS- No signs or symptoms; a carrier. Ex:
Polio - 95% asymptomatic.
Subclinical - CORRECT ANSWERS- What isn't reported, or patients not being
seen for s/s.
LD50 (lethal) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Lethal dose - the point at which 50
percent of the test population die from a toxin.
EXAM 4 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS- Study of the incidence (how many) and
prevalence (how often) of a disease.
Mutualism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two species in
which both species benefit. (ex: Bees gather nectar, but they also spread
pollen to flowers benefitting flowers, so they have a mutualistic relationship)
Commensalism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two
organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is *unaffected* (ex:
Flora grows in our body and benefits from us, we are unaffected.)
Antigen - CORRECT ANSWERS- Normally a piece of a protein or sugar.
Causes a reaction in the immune system.
Exogenous Antigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens outside of the cell -
usually bacterial infections are caused in the tissues
Endogenous Antigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens inside of the cell -
usually viral infections. Can also be cancer cells. (tumor, virus)
Autoantigens - CORRECT ANSWERS- Antigens in autoimmune disease (ex:
ANA in Lupus)
,B cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- Make antibodies. B cell receptors are attached
to the b cell and they look like a Y. The variable region is variable because
you can make a trillion different types of it. It sits in the lymph node or
spleen until it sees an antigen.
Antibodies Duties/Roles - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1. Neutralization: binds to the
H so antigen can't attach to our cells.
2. Opsonization: targets for destruction (phagocytosis)
3. Agglutination: clumping
4. Complement: directly killing the bacteria
Immunoglobin - CORRECT ANSWERS- Attached to B cell receptors. (you need
T cells to tell B cells what antibody to make)
IgM - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1st antibody produced (only works in
complement) Pretty crappy antibody.
Neutralism - CORRECT ANSWERS- Neither species benefits or is harmed
Parasitism - CORRECT ANSWERS- A relationship between two organisms of
different species where *one benefits* and the *other is harmed* ex: tick,
parasite worm, hookworm
indigenous - CORRECT ANSWERS- Native; ex: resident flora (on or within
body). If they are destroyed, it can cause CDIF, yeast infections, etc.
Sites void of bacteria in humans - CORRECT ANSWERS- Blood and tissues,
feces, lymph, urine, spinal fluid, internal tissues, in utero (no flora even in
utero)
, Residential Flora - CORRECT ANSWERS- The residents have taken up
residence! In the mouth, gut, and on the skin. Permanent. They do not
produce disease. 87% microbes are beneficial, 10% are bad. They have
adapted to us.
Transient Flora - CORRECT ANSWERS- Microbes that reside on the skin
surface and are easily removed; they last about 2 weeks - 1 month. They
can't compete with residential flora. They don't 'stick.' Ex: bacteria in yogurt.
They do good in us, but do not last.
Adhesion of Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS- Viruses need to be able to
attach to human to infect; once they attach, they replicate.
Objective - CORRECT ANSWERS- Signs. What we can see and measure.
(Looking at an OBJECT)
Subjective - CORRECT ANSWERS- Feelings. What we cannot neccesarily see,
but the SUBJECT reports to us.
Asymptomatic - CORRECT ANSWERS- No signs or symptoms; a carrier. Ex:
Polio - 95% asymptomatic.
Subclinical - CORRECT ANSWERS- What isn't reported, or patients not being
seen for s/s.
LD50 (lethal) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Lethal dose - the point at which 50
percent of the test population die from a toxin.
