Test Bank For
Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children
Marilyn J. Hockenberry, Elizabeth A. Duffy, & Karen Gibbs
12th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing 1
Chapter 02 Family, Social, Cultural, and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion 8
Chapter 03 Hereditary Influences on Health of the Child and Family 14
Chapter 04 Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family 22
Chapter 05 Pain Assessment in Children 30
Chapter 06 Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases 40
Chapter 07 Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family 47
Chapter 08 Health Problems of Newborns 56
Chapter 09 The High-Risk Newborn and Family 66
Chapter 10 Health Promotion of the Infant and Family 75
Chapter 11 Health Problems of the Infant 84
Chapter 12 Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family 92
Chapter 13 Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family 101
Chapter 14 Health Problems of Early Childhood 110
Chapter 15 Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family 118
Chapter 16 Health Problems of the School-Age Child 126
Chapter 17 Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family 135
Chapter 18 Health Problems of the Adolescent 144
Chapter 19 Impact of Chronic Illness, Disability, or End of Life Care for the Child and
Family 153
Chapter 20 Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family 164
Chapter 21 Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization 172
Chapter 22 Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills 182
Chapter 23 The Child with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance 193
Chapter 24 The Child with Renal Dysfunction 201
Chapter 25 The Child with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction 212
Chapter 26 The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction 223
Chapter 27 The Child with Cardiovascular Dysfunction 235
Chapter 28 The Child with Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction 246
Chapter 29 The Child with Cancer 255
Chapter 30 The Child with Cerebral Dysfunction 264
Chapter 31 The Child with Endocrine Dysfunction 274
Chapter 32 The Child with Integumentary Dysfunction 283
Chapter 33 The Child with Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction 292
Chapter 34 The Child with Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction 302
,___________ Test Bank - Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition (Hockenberry, 2024)
Chapter 01: Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing
Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the major cause of death for children in the United States?
a. Heart disease
b. Childhood cancer
c. Injuries
d. Congenital anomalies
ANS: C
Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through
adolescence. The leading cause of death for those younger than 1 year is congenital
anomalies, and childhood cancers and heart disease cause a significantly lower percentage of
deaths in children older than 1 year of age.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
expose owners to significant personal risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss
deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-
Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S-Corporations avoid double taxation, but
there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole
proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key
Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs.
Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expenses when
paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recognizes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to,
but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necessary
Expenses**: - The IRS allows deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business).
Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment,
have specific limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits
directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and
Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target
groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. PartnershipsPartnerships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure.- **Pass-
Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners‘ returns, preventing double taxation. However, partners must pay self-employment taxes on
their earnings.- **Distributions and Basis**: - When a partner receives a distribution, it is generally tax-free to the extent of their basis in the partnership.
Understanding how basis is calculated is critical for accurate tax reporting.#### 2. CorporationsCorporate taxation can be complex due to double taxation and
various regulations.- **C-Corporations**: - Taxed at the corporate rate, profits are taxed at the entity level, and dividends are taxed at the shareholder level.
Corporations can reinvest profits to defer taxation, but shareholders may face immediate tax consequences upon dividend distribution.
- **S-Corporations**: - Limited to 100 shareholders and certain types of stock, S-Corps can only have eligible domestic individuals as shareholders. They
provide the benefits of limited liability and pass-through taxation, making them attractive for small businesses.#### 3. Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)LLCs
offer flexibility in taxation and structure.- **Self-Employment Tax Considerations**: - Members of an LLC treated as a partnership are subject to self-
employment tax on their share of the income. Understanding how to minimize this liability is crucial for LLC members.- **Tax Elections**: - LLCs can elect to
be taxed as a corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning based on the members‘ overall tax situations.### Special Topics in Business Taxation#### 1.
International Tax ConsiderationsAs globalization increases, understanding international tax implications becomes essential.- **Foreign Tax Credits**: -
Businesses operating internationally may qualify for foreign tax credits, which help avoid double taxation on income earned abroad. Proper planning is crucial to
maximize these benefits.- **Transfer Pricing**: - Multinational corporations must ensure that transactions between subsidiaries in different countries adhere to
arm's length principles to avoid tax penalties and ensure compliance with both domestic and international regulations.#### 2. State and Local TaxesTax
obligations vary significantly by state and locality.- **Nexus Considerations**: - Businesses must understand nexus—essentially, a connection to a state that
creates tax obligations. Factors include physical presence, employee presence, and sales volume.- **Variations in Tax Rates**: - Each state has its own tax rates
and regulations, which can significantly impact a business‘s overall tax liability. Careful
2. Parents of a hospitalized toddler ask the nurse, ―What is meant by family-centered care?‖ The
nurse should respond with which statement?
a. Family-centered care reduces the effect of cultural diversity on the family.
b. Family-centered care encourages family dependence on the health care system.
c. Family-centered care recognizes that the family is the constant in a child‘s life.
d. Family-centered care avoids expecting families to be part of the decision-making
process.
ANS: C
The three key components of family-centered care are respect, collaboration, and support.
Family-centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child‘s life. The family
should be enabled and empowered to work with the health care system and is expected to be
part of the decision-making process. The nurse should also support the family‘s cultural
diversity, not reduce its effect.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. Evidence-based practice (EBP), a decision-making model, is best described as which?
a. Using information in textbooks to guide care
, ___________ Test Bank - Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition (Hockenberry, 2024)
b. Combining knowledge with clinical experience and intuition
c. Using a professional code of ethics as a means for decision making
d. Gathering all evidence that applies to the child‘s health and family situation
ANS: B
EBP helps focus on measurable outcomes; the use of demonstrated, effective interventions;
and questioning the best approach. EBP involves decision making based on the integration of
the best research evidence combined with clinical expertise and patient values.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment
4. The nurse is talking to a group of parents of school-age children at an after-school program
about childhood health problems. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching?
a. Childhood obesity is the most common nutritional problem among children.
b. Immunization rates are the same among children of different races and ethnicity.
c. Dental caries is not a problem commonly seen in children since the introduction of
fluorinated water.
d. Mental health problems are typically not seen in school-age children but may be
diagnosed in adolescents.
ANS: A
When teaching parents of school-age children about childhood health problems, the nurse
should include information about childhood obesity because it is the most common problem
among children and is associated with type 2 diabetes. Teaching parents about ways to
prevent obesity is important to include. Immunization rates differ depending on the child‘s
race and ethnicity; dental caries continues to be a common chronic disease in childhood; and
mental health problems are seen in children as young as school age, not just in adolescents.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. The nurse is planning care for a hospitalized preschool-aged child. Which should the nurse
plan to ensure atraumatic care?
a. Limit explanation of procedures because the child is preschool aged.
b. Ask that all family members leave the room when performing procedures.
c. Allow the child to choose the type of juice to drink with the administration of oral
medications.
d. Explain that EMLA cream cannot be used for the morning lab draw because there
is not time for it to be effective.
ANS: C
The overriding goal in providing atraumatic care is first, do no harm. Allowing the child, a
choice of juice to drink when taking oral medications provides the child with a sense of
control. The preschool child should be prepared before procedures, so limiting explanations of
procedures would increase anxiety. The family should be allowed to stay with the child during
procedures, minimizing stress. Lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) cream is a topical local
anesthetic. The nurse should plan to use the prescribed cream in time for morning laboratory
draws to minimize pain.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
6. Which situation denotes a nontherapeutic nurse–patient–family relationship?
