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BIOC 3021 Exam 4, UMN Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass
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BIOC 3021 Exam 4, UMN Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Base Pairing - 2 nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonding of base pairs - requires geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allow only the "...

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  • December 7, 2024
  • 65
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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BIOC 3021 Exam 4, UMN Exam

Questions and Answers 100% Pass


Base Pairing - ✔✔2 nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA

strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonding of base pairs - ✔✔requires geometrical correspondence

of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allow only the "right" pairs to form

stable interactions

Double Bonded BPs - ✔✔A and T

- bond between the amino H and carbonyl O

- bond between the ring NH and the ring N

Triple Bonded BPs - ✔✔G and C

- bond between carbonyl O to amino group H

- bond between carbonyl O to amino group H

- bond between amino H and ring N

Larger energy of hydrolysis than double bonded BPs

- higher affinity?

Model of DNA - ✔✔-bonds are planar

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,-bases are slightly tilted

-H bonds and aromatic stacking of the bases stabilize the helix

Flow of Genetic Information - ✔✔DNA --> RNA --> Proteins

- DNA is a template for new DNA and RNA

- RNA is the template for protein synthesis

Semi-Conservative model - ✔✔2 parental strands--> 2 daughter strands

each with one parental and one new strand --> 2 strands have one new

strand and one parental and the other 2 have two new strands (this pattern

continues)

Strand Separation and Hybridization - ✔✔- light absorbance is less for

double strands of DNA than single strands

- allows monitoring of replication progress

-increased temperature induces separation

- Tm is the temperature where strands of DNA are 50% separated (melting

temperature)

-cooling allows strands to rebond

- hybridization will occur id strands have a significant amount of bases in

common

-single strand DNA can be hybridized to complementary RNA or DNA



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,Stem Loop Structure - ✔✔formed when single strand DNA or RNA

hybridizes to itself

- occasional mismatched regions create bubbles

- branch off from main chain

DNA Replication - ✔✔Process by which parental DNA is copied

- General pattern of replication involves the formation of 2 copies of

progeny DNA from one copy of parental DNA (semi conservative)

- Strands have great affinity for each other

- DNA helix is unwound to separate strands

- Replication is highly accurate

- Very rapid

- One strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion and another is

synthesized in fragments discontinuously

- Telomeres are added to the other end to maintain information at the other

end of the chromosome

DNA Polymerase - ✔✔Catalyzes the step-by-step addition of

deoxyribonucleotide units to a DNA chain

- New chain is assembled directly onto template by addition onto 5' end of

the primer strand

- (DNA)n + dNTP --> (DNA)n+1 + PPi
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, - Cleavage of dNTP to dNMP allows an addition

- Template can be double or single

- Double stranded must be broken at 1+ sites

- Single must be bound to a primer strand with a free 3' hydroxyl

- Requires dATP, dTTP, dCTP and dGTP and Mg

Mechanism of DNA polymerase/synthesis - ✔✔- Synthesizes 5' --> 3'

- 3' hydroxyl of the terminal deoxyribose attacks the innermost alpha-

phosphate residue of the new dNTP

- Formation of the phosphodiester bridge between the primer and the new

unit

- 3' end of the new unit is now ready to do the same to the next dNTP

mRNA - ✔✔Template for protein synthesis or translation

- Distinct mRNA is produced for each gene in eukaryotes (less specific in

prokaryotes)

- Heterogeneous class of molecules

- Average length is 1.2 kb

- Determines the tRNA to be used

tRNA - ✔✔Carries amino acids in an activated form to the ribosome for

peptide-bond formation

- Sequence that AA are polymerized from tRNA is controlled by mRNA
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