WELL, ANALYZED ESSAY TOPICALS COVERING
ALL TOPICS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (AQA A-LEVEL
PSYCHOLOGY) LATEST UPDATE 2024-2025
QUESTION: 1. Engagement (How does CBTp Work?) - ANSWER-- Therapists empathizes with patient
perspective and feelings of distress and explanation for distress developed together
QUESTION: 2: ABC model (How does CBTp Work?) - ANSWER-- Patient gives explanation of activating
event (A) appear to cause emotional and behavioral (B) consequences (C)
- patients with beliefs which re cause of C can be rationalized, disputed changed
What are the two major classification systems? - ANSWER-ICD 10 and DSM 5
QUESTION: What is needed for a diagnosis with DSM 5? - ANSWER-a positive symptom
QUESTION: What is needed for a diagnosis with ICD 10? - ANSWER-two or more negative symptoms
,QUESTION: What is a positive symptom? - ANSWER-Any additional experience beyond those of ordinary
existence
QUESTION: What are the three positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - ANSWER-Hallucination, Delusions
and speech disorganization
QUESTION: What are hallucinations? - ANSWER-Unusual sensory experiences that have no basis in
reality or distorted perceptions of real things. E.g. hearing voices or seeing people that aren't there
QUESTION: What are Delusions? - ANSWER-irrational beliefs that have no basis in reality. e.g. believing
they are an important figure, being persecuted by the government.
QUESTION: What is speech disorganization? - ANSWER-When a sufferer's speech becomes incoherent or
they change topic mid sentences
QUESTION: What are negative symptoms? - ANSWER-The loss of usual abilities and experiences
QUESTION: What are the two negative symptoms of schizophrenia? - ANSWER-Avolition and Speech
poverty
,QUESTION: What is avolition? - ANSWER-Finding it difficult to keep up with goal-directed activity.
reduced motivation to carry out activities which results in poor hygiene, a lack of persistence in work and
a lack of energy
QUESTION: What is speech poverty? - ANSWER-A reduction in the amount and quality of speech. a
delay in the sufferer's verbal response
QUESTION: What is meant by interrater reliability? - ANSWER-The extent to which different assessors
agree on a diagnosis of an individual
QUESTION: What is the supporting study for poor reliability in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? -
ANSWER-Cheneaux 2009. psychiatrists diagnosed different number of patients with schizophrenia. 26
DSM, 44 with ICD and the other 13 DSM and 24 ICD.
QUESTION: What is criterion validity? - ANSWER-do different assessment systems arrive at the same
diagnosis for the same patient
QUESTION: What is the supporting study for poor validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? - ANSWER-
Cheneaux - more patients were diagnosed with SZ then DSM. either ICD over diagnoses or DSM under
diagnoses.
QUESTION: What is another supporting study for poor validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia? -
ANSWER-Rosenhan 1973. sent 8 confederate patients to different psychiatric hospitals with the same
symptom is hearing voices saying "Thud". most were diagnosed with schizophrenia and one with manic
, depression. shows that psychiatrists cannot tell the different between sane and insane, calls into
question the validity and the reliability of diagnosing SZ.
QUESTION: What is co-morbidity? - ANSWER-when two or more conditions occur together. 50% also
have diagnosis of depression. calls into question the validity of the diagnosis as there might actually just
be one or we are just bad at telling the difference.
QUESTION: what is symptom overlap? - ANSWER-when two or more conditions share symptoms e.g. SZ
and Bipolar both share symptoms of delusions. ICD = SZ, DSM = bipolar. calls into question the validity of
classifying the two disorders separately.
QUESTION: What is gender bias? - ANSWER-when psychological research or theory offers a view that
does not justifiable represent the experience and behavior of men or women.
QUESTION: How does gender bias occur in Schizophrenia diagnosis? - ANSWER-Men are more likely to
be diagnosed with SZ than women. because female patients typically function better than men e.g. more
likely to work and have good relationships. higher functioning biases the psychologist because the
symptoms are masked.
QUESTION: what is meant by culture bias? - ANSWER-a tendency to ignore cultural differences and
interpret all phenomena through the lens of one's own culture.
QUESTION: How does culture bias occur in SZ diagnosis? - ANSWER-African Americans and English
people of Afro-Caribbean origin are more likely than white people to be diagnosed with SZ despite there
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