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Notes on all lectures "Natural Processes (GEO1-2412 )"
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Notes on all lectures "Natural Processes (GEO1-2412 )"
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Lectures Natural ProcessesInhoudsopgave
Lecture 1 - 16/11/2022 – Energy in the atmosphere.......................................................................................2
Lecture 2 – 16/11/2022 –Energy and circulation.............................................................................................7
Lecture 3 - Moisture in the atmosphere........................................................................................................ 12
Lecture 4 – 23/11/2022 – Air pollution......................................................................................................... 13
Lecture 5 – 30/11/2022 - River basin hydrology............................................................................................ 17
Lecture 5 – principles of groundwater flow – 05/12/2022.............................................................................26
Lecture 6...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Q&A............................................................................................................................................................ 30
Lecture 7 - Species interactions and community dynamics............................................................................33
Lecture 8 – biodiversity theories.................................................................................................................. 34
Lecture 9 – introduction to soil science......................................................................................................... 36
,Lecture 1 - 16/11/2022 – Energy in the atmosphere
Earths atmosphere
Trophoshere
o Contains 90% of mass because
gravity pulls down most of the
molecules
o Weather occurs in this part
Stratosphere
o Contains ozone which protects us (but
if ozone would be in the troposphere,
it would be bad for us)
o Temperature decreases with height
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Atmospheric composition
N2: 78%
O2: 21%
Ar: 1%
Rest is trace gasses: gasses with a very low percentage that still influence the
greenhouse effect
Forms of energy (ultimately every form converts into heat)
Kinetic: energy from motion
Potential: energy of potential falling energy
Heat
Chemical: energy stored in molecules
Radiation
o Different types
o Higher wave length = lower energy
Black body radiation: All objects emit radiation (exept at 0*K). black bodies emit radiation
in a range of wavelengths according to Planck’s curve
Wien’s law:
The position of the peak depends on the temperature
Stefan Boltzmann law for the area under the graph
Total emitted energy increases with temperature ( to the fourth power)
o e = emissivity = 1 for black body radiation
, o s = a given constant
short wave & longwave radiation
sun emits at shorter wavelengths then the earth
if the temperature is higher it will have a peak at a lower wave length
o sun is hotter so it will have a shorter wave length
o earth is cooler so it will have a lowe wave length
earth emits radiation and the clouds/atmosphere emits radiation
Shortwave radiation
reflection
o 20% reflects off the clouds to the
atmosphere
o 4% reflects from earths surface
to the atmosthere
Scattering
o 6% of the particals scatter the
radiation back to the atmosphere
Absorbtion
o 51% is absorbed by the earths
surface
o 19% is absorbed by the
atmosphere and clouds
Re-emission
Albedo effect: property of reflecting, the whiter
an object, the more it reflects, the higher the
albedo
Energy fluxes (51% and 19% of absorbed radiation)
The earth Loses radiation through longwave radiation (red squiggly lines) by:
o Infrared (-117)
, o Evaporation = latent heat (-23)
o Convection and conduction = sensible heat (-7)
The atmosphere loses radiation by
o Infrared to space (-64)
o Infrared to earth (-96)
Balance between energy lost and energy gained is because the earth and the
atmosphere do not gain or lose temperature
o The slight difference that occurs causes global warming
Red is combined
Blue is earth
Green is atmosphere
Spatial variability in absorbed shortwave radiation
Most absorption over tropical areas because the angle of the radiation is
perpendicular to the earth’s axis of rotation = more radiation per square meter
More absorption over oceans then over land because of the albedo effect
Net radiation
red: incoming > outgoing
Blue: outgoing > incoming
Tropics heating up and poles cooling down
Air and water redistribute heat
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