Class notes

Chemistry Basics 10

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Course
Chemistry

Institution
10th Grade

These notes provide an overview of key topics in 10th-grade chemistry, including the structure of matter, the periodic table, types of chemical bonding, reactions and their classifications, acids and bases, metals and nonmetals, carbon compounds, periodic trends, and numerical applications like the...

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Uploaded on December 8, 2024
Number of pages 3
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Mr. smith
Contains All classes

atom periodic table bonding reactions mole

Institution Secondary school
Education 10th Grade
Course
Chemistry
School year 2

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Matter and Its Nature

1. Definition of Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
2. States of Matter:
○ Solid: Definite shape and volume.
○ Liquid: Definite volume, no definite shape.
○ Gas: Neither definite shape nor volume.
3. Physical and Chemical Properties:
○ Physical: Can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, melting
point).
○ Chemical: Observed during a chemical reaction (e.g., reactivity, flammability).

Atomic Structure

1. Atom: Smallest unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2. Subatomic Particles:
○ Proton: Positive charge (+1), mass ≈ 1 amu.
○ Neutron: Neutral charge, mass ≈ 1 amu.
○ Electron: Negative charge (-1), negligible mass.
3. Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in the nucleus.
4. Mass Number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons.
5. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (e.g.,
Carbon-12 and Carbon-14).

Periodic Table

1. Groups: Vertical columns; elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
2. Periods: Horizontal rows; properties change progressively across a period.
3. Classification:
○ Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity (e.g., iron, aluminum).
○ Nonmetals: Poor conductors (e.g., oxygen, sulfur).
○ Metalloids: Properties of both metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

Chemical Bonding

1. Types of Bonds:
○ Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl).
○ Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals (e.g., H₂O).

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