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Media, Society and Politics college aantekeningen
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Alle aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges van MSP. Zowel van schooljaar 23/24 en 24/25 zelfde literatuur.
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College aantekeningen Media, maatschappij en politiek (S_MSP) Making Sense of Media and Politics
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College aantekeningen Media, maatschappij en politiek (S_MSP) Making Sense of Media and Politics
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Media, maatschappij en poli ek hoorcollegesHoorcollege 1: Watchdogs or Lap dogs?
3 perspec ves:
1 en 2 > poli cal actors
3 en 4 > media
5 > public
Poli ek is net een wedstrijd. Poli cs need the media. Hierdoor krijg je supporters en beïnvloed je je
publiek of je eigen opinie. “If you don’t exist in the media, you don’t exist poli cally”.
Om poli ek relevant te worden, moet je online te vinden zijn. Waar sta je voor, welke bronnen heb
je? Ook moet je je volgers op de hoogte houden & communiceren.
become known (hear posi ons)
mobilize supporters
influence public opinion (people get info through journalism)
influence policy
Media is erg veranderd door de jaren heen, maar de kern om mensen te beïnvloeden is niet
veranderd.
5 principles in poli cal communica on!:
“poli cal power can usually be translated into power over all forms of media”. Media praat veel meer
over een bekend person, dan geen bekend persoon.
“When the powerful lose control over the poli cal environment, they also lose control over all forms
of media”.
“Every poli cal story that appears in every form of media is biased”. > there is no such a thing as
objec ve journalism.
“All forms of media are dedicated more than anything else to telling good stories and can o en have
a major impact on the poli cal processes”.
“Many of the most important effects of the various forms of media on ci zens tend to be
uninten onal and unno ced”. Een bericht kan bij iedereen anders binnenkomen, iedereen hee al
andere kennis en dus een eigen mening.
There is a complex symbiosis between media and poli cs. Poli ek hee media nodig en andersom.
Media hee verhalen nodig en poli ek hee de media aandacht nodig. Media need content, poli cs
need to sent a message. Jij moet beïnvloed worden, zodat jij aandach g bij hun blij . The symbiosis is
not a happy reunion. Constant ba le between that two. How much control do powerholders have?
Each story has a different power.
Grote media outlets kiezen vaak 1 kant van de poli ek.
Poli cal power = media power:
Poli cians have a front door:
Front door > the powerful are always relevant and thus get more/automa c media access and
posi ve media coverage. (access is super belangrijk)
Back door > powerless have to work hard/make themselves relevant/interes ng to get into the
media. “gewone onbekende mensen” gebruiken back door om in het nieuws te komen. (hand
vastlijmen aan schilderij).
Most poli cal contests are unequal. Bekende en onbekende groepen, dus 2 groepen proberen in het
nieuws te komen, maar deze access is ongelijk.
,Bias:
1. Bekende mensen zijn relevant dus zij komen in de media
2. Zij kijken niet naar hun issues
3. Elites also get more posi ve coverage (obsession with elites limit the range of poli cal
discourse)
Elites also get more posi ve coverage. Media hebben tunnelvisie naar de famous mensen.
Side door > civil disobedience. Laying in the street than you get media a en on. Social movements,
poli eke leiders gebruiken dit omdat mensen hierin geïnteresseerd zijn.
State (public) media versus ‘free market’ (private) media. In deze situa es kunnen powerful mensen
control over de media krijgen. What level of poli cal control, in Nederland hebben de poli eke
leiders veel control over de media, eigen tv etc. dus open media.
Inequality is not accidental, but structural (also in media). Mensen met meer bronnen (hoger
opgeleide etc.) krijgen meer access tot media dan andere. Economic inequality beïnvloedt de media
en poli ek. > power rela on
Developed the ‘propaganda model ’of media cri cism arguing that “market forces, internalized
assump ons and self-censorship” mo vate newspapers and television networks to s fle dissent.
Media is een business. US media as businesses that sell a product, they sell a en on
We moeten naar de media kijken als bedrijf ze verkopen geen nieuws maar producten. Naive liberal
model.
Media that sell a product ( audiences = consumers) to other business. Ze verkopen je aandacht aan
een bedrijf dat producten verkoopt.
Jij koopt een krant, maar de krant verkoopt jou aan andere bedrijven door de reclames.
Media as ‘democra v watchdog’: hond wacht op jou om je aandacht te trekken.
media takes ini a ve
inves ga ve repor ng
independent scru ny
documen ng, ques oning and inves ga ng
provide public and officials with mely informa on
Sommige zijn watchdog en anders lapdogs.
A well func oning media is of a paramount importance for democra c socie es
report events objec vely as they occur, to allow ci zens to make informed poli cal choices
(people see different facts)
control powerholders and unearth abuses of power through inves ga ve journalism
polariza on goes further → people deny objec ve facts
power is embodied in everything
Power = the inten onal produc on of causal effects. Als andere zeggen dat je iets niet kan, en toch
doe je het. Wie kiest de kussens op de bank? Niet al jd hetzelfde, maar er kiest al jd iemand.
Power is the ability to achieve one’s goals or objec ves. Power is also the ability to overcome
opposi on, to exercise control over people.
Power is hierarchical! A gets B to do something that B would not have done
Power rela ons are hierarchical/asymmetric rela ons between a superior and a subordinate. In
power rela ons there is inten onal ac on of a superior. The subordinate always has some room to
manoeuvre, some freedom and choice to resist.
,4 forms of media power
Correc ve forms (affec ng the op ons for ac ons)
1. force on decisions or compliance (limi ng
op ons)
2. ability to change social rela onships through
manipula on (changing the basis of choices)
persuasive forms (affec ng the reasons for ac ons)
3. shaping the meaning and significance
4. ideological and discursive hegemony and
disciplining
Physical coercion based on nega ve bodily and emo onal sanc ons.
Violent ac ons directed against the body or mind of subaltern > torture, bea ng.
The principal reduces the op ons of the subaltern to prac cally zero.
Non-violence directed at limi ng the freedom of the subaltern > humilia on.
Manipula on and propaganda:
The principal changes the bases on which the subaltern perceives the ra onal bases of ac on without
the subaltern no cing it.
Subaltern chooses on ‘ra onal’ grounds what the principal wants > propaganda, adver sing etc.
gebruik symbolen en de betekenissen achter de symbolen. Sommige symbolen zijn
erg powerful (hakenkruis). In popular culture subliminal messaging words ma er
Framing:
The core idea is that frames “shape individual understanding and public opinion concerning an issue
by stressing specific elements or features of the broader controversy”.
Frames are ideologically laden: packages of truth claim about reality.
Ideological hegemony is a situa on where a par cular ideology is pervasively reflected throughout a
society in all principal social ins tu ons and permeates dominant cultural ideas and most social
rela onships.
Media filtering:
Elite-led manipula on through mass media of ci zens has been central to the func oning of
capitalism in liberal democracies.
, 1 size and ownership: media is trapped by ownership (supervisor model), the interests of adver sers
and the authority of the government
2 adver sing: news is merely a filler to get privileged readers to see the adver sements news media
cater to poli cal prejudice and economic interests of adver sers
3 sourcing: always the same type of people
4 Flak = nega ve responses to a media statement or a tv/radio program. Responses may range from
phone call, to le ers, to text messages all the way to threats and court cases (also protest, pe ons).
They work because they involve costs: either withdrawal from adver sers or loss of viewers/listeners.
5 An -ideology and fear = the way ar ficial fears are created with a dual purpose. Partly to get rid of
people you don’t like but partly to frighten the rest. Because if people are frightened, they will accept
authority.
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