A smaller set of notes which summarise the lectures and relevant cases which I made and used during the exam period of European Law, essentially they combine the lectures and case notes that I have already uploaded in separate files on Stuvia as I think it is helpful to have a condensed version to ...
Why is the EU different?
-Integration + pooling sovereignty were not new [Napoleonic + Roman empires]
-NEW: Don’t destroy individual parts but create a supranational centre
Types of integration
1. Intergovernmental
-Nations coming together to solve problems
-Every state has final say [veto]
2. Supranational
-Sovereignty pooled in supranational institutions
-Issue binding laws-everyone is bound
Proposals for EU integration [post WW2]
1. Count Kalergi
-Intergovernmental cooperation-couldn’t bind states
2. Jean Monnet
-Supranational cooperation- bind states
-Convinced 6 MS to limit their sovereignty + create supranational institutions
Pooling sovereignty
Economically: Creation of internal market
-Europeans freely do business across continent
-Tools to protect own market= illegal
Politically: Non-discrimination
-Europeans treated equally across the continent
-Europe is for Europeans unlike USA which is for Americans
The Plan: ECSC [Created by Monnet ]
-Coal + steel=starting point for poling resources-used to wage war
-Regulated under the High Authority [Monnet=president]
-Framework exported to other parts of 6 MSs economies
Hope for European nuclear force
-EURATOM [1957] =separate community because sovereignty rests with USA
-Wanted to become third nuclear superpower-couldn’t compete with Russia/USA
Founding + amending treaties
Founding=Create new organization
Amending=amending that organization
EEC=Founding treaty of TFEU
EC= Founding treaty of TEU [inspiration from ECSC]
Current treaties of the EU
Treaty on European Union [TEU]
-Constitutional rules+ CFSP
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [TFEU]
-Makes constitutional rules work
-Contains policy fields of EU
-Protocols
EU Charter of fundamental rights
, -Same legal values as TFEU + TEU
CJEU interprets treaty + gives meaning to articles
Whole body of EU law [supranational law]
Primary law
-Treaties
-Unwritten General principles [discovered by CJEU]
Secondary Law
-All law made in accordance with procedures prescribed in primary law
CJEU
-Rules on interpretation of EU law
-Cannot legislate
The nature of EU law
International or constitutional law?
o International law= rights/obligations for states
o Constitutional law=rights/obligations for citizens
- Supranational law is internationally made but functions like constitutional law
- because it directly provides individuals with rights
Supremacy v direct effect [not in treaties]
-Explained by CJEU case law
-To have direct effect EU law needs to be supreme [interrelated]
o Direct effect [VGEL]=Like constitutional law can be invoked in national law by citizens
o Supremacy [Costa v ENEL] = Where EU has competence it has precedence, no international law
monism or dualism
-Limit to supremacy?
-Unlike with constitutional law- no popular sovereignty to tap into-where there is no delegation of
competence there is no supremacy
Legal heritage of individuals [VGEL/Costa v ENEL]
-Rights created at the supranational level belong to all EU citizens
A system of values [Articles 2 + 3 TEU]
-All EU law has to comply with these values
-Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law
Reason for EU existence: messianism [saviour]?
-The EU succeeded in its promises in Schuman Declaration -nothing to offer but its success
-Everything happens via MSs!
o No EU court but MS courts
o MS have high involvement in institutions
o EU is scapegoat: MS blame it when things go wrong
The rule of law + expectations
-EU is based on the rule of law + decisions are implemented at the lower level
-The more rights that have entered the more expectations have grown
-Still an economic union + enforcement for Article 2 Values in limited
-Hungary/Poland violating rule of law but have prosperous economies
Direct effect
-Individuals go before national courts to have EU rights protected
-Article 267 TFEU {prelim rulings} is justification for DE
Direct effect test [VGEL]
1. Provision should be clear
2. Provision should be precise [no double meaning]
3. Provision should be unconditional [not dependent on intervention by national authorities]
Direct effect v direct applicability
Direct applicability
-No transposition or further implementation of EU law is necessary
-Directives are never directly applicable [forced dualism]
Direct effect
-Individuals rely on provisions of EU law before national courts
-Clear, precise and unconditional
-Directives, although not directly applicable can have direct effect sometimes
, Direct effect + secondary EU law
-Now principle has spread to secondary EU law
1. Regulations: LeonesioVertical DE
MunozHorizontal DE
2. Decisions: 9/70 GradNot in reader
3. Directives:
-Not directly applicableextensive case law
-When directives were introduced there was an assumption that EU MSs would always comply with obligations
-MSs always want to escape obligations
-CJEU invents ways to force them to comply
-Directives are aimed at MS but can have DE
Direct effect of directives
-Incorrect transposition or lacking transposition after deadline has passed
DEFAULT: No direct effect they are aimed at states BUT
1. Vertical DE [Van Duyn]
-Can only go against states or other public sector organ
-We do not allow states to fail at fulfilling EU law obligations
2. Horizontal DE [Prohibited] [Marshall]
-Private party v private party=allowed
-Often resort to indirect effect to award rights in these cases
3. Reverse vertical DE [prohibited] [Kolpinghuis]
-Public authority against private party
-Prohibited in EU law
4. Indirect DE
-Private party v private party
-Court found a way around the prohibition of horizontal DE
-Read EU law into national law
-Limitations
1. No contra legim
-Can’t interpret against national law where it is clear and unambiguous
2. Legal certainty
-Cannot read into law that doesn’t exist
5. Triangular situations
-Rarely a neat vertical situation
-Disputes between a private person + public authority have indirect effect on another private person
Rights from directives in national courts [all directive situations]
Step 1: Apply sufficiently clear and unconditional test
Step 2: Limitations
1. Normative
-No horizontal DE [Marshall]
-No inverse vertical DE [Kolpinghuis]
2. Temporal limitations
-Transposition deadline has passed and state
I. Not implemented directive
II. Implemented directive improperly
Loyalty [Article 4(3)]: A necessary precondition
-Aimed at EU institutions + MS institutions
-A duty to help and not to hinder
-MS must carry out obligations under EU law, but national law must also comply with these obligations
Loyalty + the scope of the acquis
-Presumption of compliance by MS, only things raised before CJEU will be assessed
1. MS failing to comply with the law [acquis]
2. MS failing to comply with Article 2 values
-Allot of these areas are regulated by national competences
-The appointment of judges [nat. competence] directly affects compliance with EU value [rule of law Art 2]
, Enforcement of the acquis v enforcement of values
-Article 2 values are enforced by Article 7=political procedure
Article 7(1)sanction those who threaten the values
Article 7(2) or have violated them
Article 7(3) Sanctions [suspend council voting]
Article 7(4)Revocation of sanctions
Article 7: Enforcement of values: political action, no legal basis
-Not about acquis this is enforced using 258/59 + 260 TFEU
-Can give EU right to intervene in areas of MS competence where they threaten EU values
-This is political condemnation + so no need for a legal basis, not a legal action
Enforcement of the acquis : legal action, legal basis
Private enforcement: National courts: For individuals in individual cases
-CJEU will formulate principles/make interpretations but national court must apply it to the individual case
Article 19 TEU:
CJEU: In interpretation + application of treaties the law is observed
-267TFEU preliminary ruling for interpretation
National Court: provide remedies sufficient [..] effective legal protection in areas covered by EU law
Public enforcement: Supranational institutions: EU institutions for all
-EU institutions enforce EU law for the sake of all EU citizens/companies
Articles 258/9/260 +17TEU
o Article 258 TEFU: Infringement procedure
-Discretion of the commission
-Goal is to foster a climate of EU law compliance
1. Administrative stage
o Informal stageMS opportunity too reach solution with commission
o Formal stageMS formally notified of the specific infringement in the letter of
formal notice
o Formal stageCommission issues a reasoned opinion which sets a time limit in
which MS must comply with EU law
2. Judicial stage
-Case referred to CJEU
Commission v Italy
-Doesn’t matter if breach has stopped can still be used to get compensation for individuals
Irish Waste
-Can be a cumulation of breaches
o Article 17 TEU: The commission has responsibility for correct application of treaties
o Article 269 TFEU: Infringement procedure
-Rarely used procedure-politics means MS would always rather it be a 258TFEU procedure
-Shielded by commission
-MSs are co-responsible for atmosphere of compliance
Always starts at 258TFEU
1. Commission agrees with MSbecomes a 258TFEU action
2. Commission doesn’t agree with MS+ doesn’t issue a reasoned opinionbecomes 259TFEU
action
Spain v UK
-Commission dismisses Spains allegation that UK cannot hold elections in Gibraltar
-Gibraltar is an autonomous colony of the UK
-Spain brings case to CJEU + CJEU dismisses
o Article 260TFEU: Post CJEU judgement
-Sanctions for non-compliance under infringement procedures
Lump sum: Breach of obligations has persisted for a long time since judgement
Penalty payment: put a stop to a breach of obligations ASAP
Summary
Acquis [legal action]
o Article 4(3): A duty to help + not to hinder
Help [In MS itself]
-Private enforcement: Direct applicability+ direct effect + supremacy + Article 19
, -Enact measures that will ensure protection [Spanish Strawberries]
Not to hinder [By EU institutions]
-Enforcement of the acquis=public enforcement
-Articles 258/259/260/17=Commission as guardian of the treaties
Values [political action]
o Article 4(3): A duty to help + not to hinder
Help [In MS itself]
-MS must have regard for Article 2 values when exercising national competences
Not to hinder [By EU institutions]
-Enforcement of Article 2 values via Article 7
Case law
Private enforcement: acquis=full effectiveness of community law in national courts
o Article 4(3): Duty to help: Simmenthal + Factortame: National court has task of ensuring
effectiveness of EU by awarding individuals their rights
VGELDirect effect of treaty provision
Costa v ENELSupremacy
SimmenthalNational substantive laws: The consequences of direct effect and supremacy-national court set aside
provision which conflicts weather prior or subsequent without waiting for repeal or declaration of unconstitutionality
FactortameNational procedural laws: National procedural laws that would prevent the full effectiveness of community
law must be set aside [Interim relief] even though MS have autonomy here despite parliamentary sovereignty
Accession to the ECHREU must remain sole interpreter of EU law despite the fact national courts apply it
Defrenne v Sabena Horizontal DE of clear and unconditional treaty provisions
LeonesioVertical DE of Regulations because of direct applicability
MunozHorizontal DE of Regulations
Van DuynVertical DE of directives on a case by case basis
MarshallFor vertical DE you need to check that the transposition deadline has passed + state has failed to
implement/implement correctly
MarshallNo horizontal DE of directives
Public enforcement: acquis= Full effectiveness of EU law in MSs enforced by commission in the CJEU
o Article 4(3): Duty not to hinder: Refrain from measures which could jeopardise attainment of the
objectives of EU law: commission oversees this
Commission v Italy: Article 258TFEU-Faliure to implement
-Applies to secondary legislation
-Both the manner in which the MS gives effect to provisions + non-implementation of provisions can affect the equality
of all members of the EU
France v UK: Article 259 TFEU- Adopting a positive act that is contrary to EU law
-An infringement procedure applies to a breach of a council resolution, it can be bought for any breach of the whole
acquis
Star Fruit: Article 265TFEU
-After issuing a reasoned opinion, the commission has discretion on weather to bring to CJEU or not
Commission v France I: Article 258TFEU-MS failing to take action
-MS have discretion in areas of their competence but CJEU can review
Irish Waste: Article 258TFEU
-In areas of MS competence where they have discretion a period of time must elapse before we can say they have failed
to take adequate measures
Commission v France II: Article 260TFEU
-The purpose of Article 260TFEU is to induce a MS to comply with the judgement and therefore to have community law
applied
Commission v Hungary: Article 258TFEU
-MS adopting legislation which is contrary to secondary EU law
Spain v UK: Article 259TFEU
-Example of when an Article 259TFEU procedure is bough for political reasons there was no error in law on behalf of
the UK
,NotesWeek 2- Decision-making in the EU
Competence [to legislate]: Article 5(1) TEU conferral
-Only where MS has transferred the competence
-Case Law: VGEL
‘States have limited their sovereign rights, albeit in limited field’
Exclusive
Article 2(1) TFEUGeneral description
Article 3 TFEUActual competences
-In these areas only the union can legislate
-Born with the union
-MSs can only act if union confers power on them for implementation
Shared
Article 2(2) TFEUGeneral description
Article 4 TFEUActual competence
-In these areas both the EU + MS have competence to legislate
-Competence of national government before union harmonized to avoid conflict
-As soon as EU exercises this competence the MS can only legislate to implement
-Either/or but not both can legislate
Complementary
Article 2(5) TFEUGeneral description
Article 6 TFEUActual competence
-MS appreciate the EUs financial aid in these areas
-These are still legally binding acts but the EU cannot harmonise national law
CFSP
Article 24 TEU
-The EU has no legislative power and defines and implements only
-This is an intergovernmental area
-MS must not abuse competence under Article 40 TEU
No EU competence
These are not mentioned in the treaties
-Drug use, taxation, gambling
Harmonization [shared competences]
-Isn’t necessary with exclusive + not allowed with complementary
-National law is repealed by an EU standard
Biggest category=internal market
-MS can adopt any legislation it wants until the EU decides to legislate
-MS looses competence when EU makes this decision + EU law replaces content of national law and
the national right to legislate in that area
Competence v legal basis
Competence= Area that EU MS can legislate in broadly [MS limited sovereignty]
Policy area= Found in TFEU
Legal basis=Steps EU should take if it chooses to legislate
o Competences/legal bases are a balancing act between EU + MSs
Competences: Interests of EU v interests of MS
Legal bases:
1. Externally-Role of EU v Role of MS [who will legislate]
2. Internally-Role of institutions
o Case law on balancing
-The principle of institutional balance: Each EU institution must exercise its powers with die regard for the
powers of other institutions
1. Balancing of competences between EU and MS
Case law: Tobacco Advertising I
-MS fear that EU can use internal market to regulate everything
Case law: Antarctic Treaty
-Who should represent EU?
Commission believes this is fisheries policy
Council believes this is environmental policy
, 2. Selection of legal bases + institutions
Case law: Chernobyl
-Parliament as democratic institution being shut out
Subsidiarity + proportionality
-Apply when competence is clear
o Commission comes up with a proposal and they need to justify legislation on the basis of these two principles
Subsidiarity
-Article 5(3) TEUUse of competence, should the union act?
-Applied in shared + complementary competences
-Problems should be remedied as close to the citizen as possible; only transboundary issues will be dealt with by
the EU
Political safeguard: Protocol no. 2 [pg 132]
-Union hasn’t acted yet
o Article 5(3) TEUNational Parliaments assess compliance
o Article 12 TEUNational parliaments + subsidiarity
o Article 4/5 of pro.2Commission justifies compliance with subsidiarity; must not use vague terms like ‘internal
market’ to regulate everything
Yellow card procedure: Article 7
-Representative body in each MS has two yellow cards per proposal
-If the majority of national parliaments do not agree that proposal is in line with subsidiarity, commission either
-Redrafts
-Restates reasons for proposal
-No veto by MS this would distort the power of the EU
Judicial safeguard: Protocol no.2
-Union has acted and there has been an infringement of subsidiarity
Procedure: Article 8
-CJEU has jurisdiction under Article 263TFEU
The principle of proportionality
-Article 5(4) TEUIntensity of the legislation, through which means?
-The form and content should not go beyond what is proportional
Form= Article 288TFEU
Content=
1. Suitable to achieve goal
2. Necessary- is there another way with less negative implications?
3. Not excessively burdensome- positive outcome must be more important than negative
consequences
Political safeguard: Protocol no.2
o Article 4/5: Commission justifies compliance with proportionality, least invasive form to achieve goal should
be chosen
Judicial safeguard
o CJEU performs a marginal review: must be manifestly disproportionate not to qualify
How to spot a legal basis
1. Policy
2. Party
3. Procedure
-Some Articles have more than one legislative procedure
-Special legislative procedures will always outline the steps
-Often reiteration of general principles of policy area before the legal basis [keep reading]
Role of institutions in legislating
-In the ordinary legislative procedure, the commission proposes and the parliament/council co-legislate
ParliamentArticle 14 TEU
Council of MinistersArticle 16 TEU
, CommissionArticle 17 TEU
The ordinary legislative procedure: Article 16 [4] TEU
Parliament: Bigger MSs have more seats in parliament
Council of Ministers
1. QMV in the council
o Bigger MS have more weight in council
-Weighed voting that
-Represents 55% of MS
-But must also represent 65% of the EU population
-Important because each MS has one representative with one vote but totally different
population sizes
2. Blocking minority
-4 council members representing 35% of the EU population
The ordinary legislative procedure explained
-Article 294TFEU + 289(1) TFEU
First reading
-proposal from Commission to EP/Council
Option 1: parliament approves proposalcouncil approves parliament position without amendment
Option 2: parliament adopts amendment to proposalcouncil approves parliament position
× Option 3: Parliament adopts amendment to proposal council adopts amendment to parliament
position--------
Second reading
Option 1: parliament approves councils position without amendment
Option 2: Parliament adopts amendments to Councils positioncouncil approves
× Option 3: Not adopted: Parliament rejects councils position
× Option 4: Parliament adopts amendments to councils positioncouncil doesn’t approve these
amendments -----
Third reading: conciliation committee convened to reach agreement
× No Agreement reached
× Agreement reached + Joint text not approved
Agreement reached + joint text approved
Is everything legislative? No!
Article 288TFEU: Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations + Opinions
-Latter two are not legislative
Article 289(3) TFEU: Legislative acts go through the legislative procedure
Article 290 TFEU: Delegated acts
-A legislative act may delegate power to the commission to adopt non-legislative acts to supplement
elements of legislative acts
Article 291TFEU: Implementing acts
-MS or commission may be awarded power in legislative act to adopt implementing act
Case law: All Article 263TFEU procedures
UK v Council: Proper approach to correct choice of legal basis-objective factors amenable to judicial review
Chernobyl: parliament believes that it has been shut out [democratic institution]- need to look at aim and content of
regulation- can have incidental affects on another policy area
Tobacco Advertising, I: EU cannot use internal market competence to regulate everything
Antarctica Treaties: Fight between EU and MS extends to instruments like reflection papers not just legislation and aim
and content test must be used
-Dual legal basis where they are inseparably linked
Part II
Titanium Dioxide Waste: Can only resort to dual legal basis where the procedure is the same for both
Working time Directive: When a legal basis is chosen but part of the content does not fit the aim this part can be annulled
separately as long as it is severable
, Criminal penalties/environment: where the harmonization of criminal law is minimal the community may legislate under
environmental legal basis to ensure effectiveness of EU law
-Where part of the directive is not severable then whole thing mist be annulled
Tobacco Advertising II: Criteria for the use of 114TFEU as a general legal basis for harmonizing the internal market
1. Are there disparities between national rules?
2. What is the effect of such disparities: is it creating obstacles now or in the future?
3. Look at specific articles that want to be annulled: are they aimed at preventing or eliminating these obstacles?
Refugee Status: Establishment of secondary legal basis are not allowed unless the treaty says an institution can amend the
decision-making procedure
Ireland v EP + Council: Looks really heavily at the substance of the secondary legislation in order to determine what it
predominantly concerns
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