Class notes
Biology Exam 4
- Course
- Biology 1134
- Institution
- Mississippi State University
Notes that summarize all the chapters (chapter 23,22,24,54,59 and,60) All chapters and lectures for Exam 4 in Biology 1
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Biology Ch . 23Population Genetics
Population All members of species live in same areasame time .
Have genetic Structure defined by
gene Pool allele
+ Genotype
Genetic Variation Difference in DNASequences between individuals or populations Substrate of natural Selection .
.
Population Genetics studies how genetic differences change within and between populations over time
Gene Pool A common change in DNA that occur in different individuals or populations .
Polymorphism the process by which organisms change to survive+ thrive in their environment
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium the relative likelihood that a particular genotype will
Contribute genes
to the next generation rel to other genotypese
Adaptation (noun) Describes a
non evolving population . 1 ) Allele Frequencies
. = P+ q = 1 .
2) .
Genotype frequencies =
P +
2pq
+
q=
Fitness 5 conditions : 1 No mutation 2 Isolation other population , 3 random 4 . No natural Selection
Large Population size 5
maiting
.
.
.
, ,
.
·
Genetic Drift leads to loss of Genetic variation in a
populations Gene pool .
Ways to acess Genetic Variation :
Morphological ,
Molecular , enzyme polymorphism DNA seg Polymor
.
.
SOURCES of Genetic variation Mutation horizontal
:
gene transfer
Sexual recombination
, , ,
Meiosis ,
Crossing over
Directional Selection one extreme of a Phenotypic distribution is favored (higher fitness
Stabilizing election individuals w/ intermediate Phenotype-higher fitness. Favors average Phenotype - Selects against extremes
Disruptive Selection 20
Phenotypes higher fitness Favors after natural . Selection . Speaks reps favorability of the 2 Phenotypes
BalancingSelection balanced Polymorphism in pop via heterozygous advantage leg freg-dep
+
. Selection Maintains both alleles in
.
Population
Sexual Selection Some ppl Phenotypic distribution successful they higher fitness
along a are more at
attracting mates so have
Bottleneck affect a drastic reduction in population by a natural event/disaster Causes genetic .
Drift EX: Forest fire
.
Parent Population Bottleneck
Surviving Next generation
- em -
individuals
FounderEffe
a EX: finches &The Galapagoes
small group of individuals move start new population
genetic drift
Can cause
+
a . .
occurs when individuals
migrate between populations w/ different allele frequencies .
Natural Selection acts upon the Phenotypic variation in a population . Variation is produced by genetic
Variation in POPI
, Biology Ch 22 .
Evolution Charles Never used term "evolution"
Philosophic descent w/ modification"
"
used ,
(verticaeirn)
Evolution ·
Jean Baptiste Lamarck made 1stmodel of evolution Inheritance of acquired Characteristics (1744-1829,
.
.
Homology
·
Charles Darwin naturalist w/ empirical approach Ind model evolution Natural Selection (1809-1882)
,
,
modific
Developmental Homology Alfred ·
Wallace developed a
Theory of evolution by natural Selection Identical
,
to Darwin's (1823-1913) ↓
Anatomical Homology Change Over time , species evolves from ancestral species as
Changes happen over time . Vertical is descent ul
Artificial Selection
·
Charles Darwin wrote "On the
Origin of species by Natural Selection"
-
Natural Selection as the mechanism of evolution
key Terms Similarity due to descent from a common ancestor
Naturalist Similarities indicating
during embryonic development common ancestor
Biologist Similar anatomical Structure due to descent from
common ancestor a
Philosophical Thought · Gene Transfer , Mutations , Natural Selection Produce bacterial Strains resistant to antibiotics
+
Empirical Thought Natural Selection is differential reproductive success that results from interactions
·
Selective Breeding between heritable Variation in population and the environment. a
Biogeography Wallace traveled StudiedSpecies in Africa Asia , " South America His work is "On the
· +
,
.
,
Homology Law Which has regulated the Introduction of New Species (1835)."
Antibiotic resistant Bacteria Darwin understood artificial Selection and questioned if the environment could do
the same
"Selecting" This is the basis of 11aural Selection 5-year Voyage on HMS Beagle .
Human Selection of desired Phenotypes in domesticated crops
Jean Proposed the model of evolution wh inheritance of characteristics
acquired
·
as
the mechanism for evolutionary Change
Earth's
biodiversity organized into 3 domains and unified by process of
·
is evolution
Biogeography is the S tudy of
geographic distributions of species
Evidence of Biological Evolution
1. Studies Natural
of Selection
2 Selective
.
Breeding (artificial Selection)
3 Biogeography fossil
.
,
records , Convergent evolution
4. Homologies Anatomical -
, Developmental Molecular
,
5 Horizontal
. Gene Transfer
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