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Samenvatting arbeidsrecht 2024-25
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- Institution
Samenvatting van de lessen arbeidsrecht , gedoceerd door Prof. Alexander De Becker, in de 3e Bach Rechten UGent. Gebaseerd op de powerpoints, aangevuld door lesnotities.
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2024 - 2025 ArbeidsrechtProf. Alexander De Becker
,algemene informatie - Inhoud
ALGEMENE INFORMATIE
Dinsdag Woensdag
10-11.30 uur 14u30-17u30
Auditorium 5 ( Jeanne Wiemer – Blandijn – Campus Auditorium D (André Devreker – Hoveniersberg –
Boekentoren) Campus Tweekerken)
Lesopnames? Hij kan het niet beloven maar hij gaat het vragen
Kennis en opfrissen van de leerstof
- Tijdens de hoorcolleges
- Casussen
o Kennisclips
o Voorbeeldexamen laatste les
- Ook op Ufora:
o Interactieve oefeningen collectief arbeidsrecht
o Juist/fout vragen (na examenles)
o Schema ter illustratie
STUDIEMATERIAAL
Codex Sociaal recht 2024-2025 - Die Keure BaMacodex
- VRG Gent
- GEEN AFGEDRUKTE PAPIEREN!! alles wat je
nodig hebt staat in codex
Handboek Belgisch arbeidsrecht (2021) - VRG
- Kluwer (reeks Gandaius)
PowerPointpresentaties ter aanvulling - Op Ufora
Vragen of onduidelijkheden?
- Tijdens de les en in de pauze!!
- ‘Veelgestelde vragen’ op Ufora
- Via mail aan isabel.plets@ugent.be (doe het liever niet)
o (!) alleen ma/di/woe
o donderdag & vrijdag zijn onderzoeksdagen
Mogelijkheden tot verdieping
Bachelorproef (3de BACH) - Keuze: “Arbeidsrecht” is één van de mogelijkheden
- Wat? Paper over recent (cassatie)arrest
Vaardigheden III (3de BACH) - 2de semester
- Te kiezen via Ufora (4 keuzes) in december 2022
- Wat? Verscheidene vormen en variatie aan onderwerpen
EVALUATIE
Examen (20/20)
- Schriftelijk
- Januari 2024, 3 uur tijd
Pagina 1 van 153
,algemene informatie - Inhoud
Soort examenvragen
- Casus: fictief geval
- Open vraag
o vaak verband met actualiteit
o “het krantenartikel dat ik jou nu geef is niet juist, waarom?”
- Keuzevragen (8)
o Stellingen waarbij je juist/fout moet antwoorden en motiveren → let op: soms kan het beide
zijn en hangt het van motivering af
o Gemotiveerde keuzevragen die peilen
▪ Niet naar geheugen
▪ Maar naar leesvaardigheid, inzicht, verbanden, toepassingen enz.
o Korte motivering (max. vijf regels) is vereist
o Geen giscorrectie
Pagina 2 van 153
,algemene informatie - Inhoud
INHOUD
algemene informatie ........................................................................................................................................ 1
0 inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 12
0.1 Inhoud .................................................................................................................................................. 12
0.1.1 inhoud .................................................................................................................................................. 12
0.1.2 kennisoverdracht ................................................................................................................................. 13
1 Ontstaan & Bronnen ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.1 Ontstaan en finaliteit ........................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.1 Historische inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 14
1.2 Structuur .............................................................................................................................................. 15
1.2.1 Deelgebieden ....................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.2 codificatie ............................................................................................................................................. 16
1.3 Bronnen ................................................................................................................................................ 16
1.3.1 Internationale bronnen ........................................................................................................................ 16
1.3.1.1 Universele Verklaring Rechten van de Mens (UVRM) .................................................... 16
1.3.1.2 ECOSOC-verdrag ............................................................................................................. 17
1.3.1.3 IAO .................................................................................................................................. 17
1.3.1.4 OESO ............................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.1.5 Raad van Europa ............................................................................................................. 17
1.3.1.6 Europese Unie ................................................................................................................. 18
1.3.1.7 Bilaterale verdragen ........................................................................................................ 19
1.3.2 Nationale bronnen ............................................................................................................................... 20
1.3.2.1 Grondwet ........................................................................................................................ 20
1.3.2.2 Federale regelgeving ....................................................................................................... 20
1.3.2.3 Substatelijke regelgeving ................................................................................................ 20
1.3.2.4 Collectieve Arbeidsovereenkomsten (CAO) .................................................................... 21
1.3.2.5 Individuele Arbeidsovereenkomsten .............................................................................. 21
1.3.2.6 Arbeidsreglement ........................................................................................................... 21
1.3.2.7 Gebruik............................................................................................................................ 22
1.3.3 Hiërarchie (heel goed kennen!!) .......................................................................................................... 22
1.4 Aard: Imperatieve, dwingende en suppletieve regels.......................................................................... 24
1.4.1 Gevolgen van onderscheid ................................................................................................................... 24
1.4.2 Arbeidsrecht heeft imperatieve, dwingende en suppletieve regels .................................................... 24
1.5 Autonomie ........................................................................................................................................... 24
1.6 taalgebruik ........................................................................................................................................... 25
1.6.1 Ned. Taaldecreet 1973 en Fr. Taaldecreet 1982 .................................................................................. 25
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,algemene informatie - Inhoud
1.6.2 Brussel (federale taalwet in bestuurszaken) ........................................................................................ 25
1.6.3 Nederlands taaldecreet 1973 ............................................................................................................... 25
1.6.4 Taaldecreet van de Franse Gemeenschap 1982 .................................................................................. 26
2 Collectief Arbeidsrecht ................................................................................................................... 27
2.1 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.1.1 Wat? ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.2 rechtsgrond .......................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2 Partijen overleg .................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.1 Werknemersorganisaties ..................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.1.1 Ontstaan werknemersorganisaties ................................................................................. 28
2.2.1.2 Vrijheid van vereniging ................................................................................................... 29
2.2.1.3 Grondrechten .................................................................................................................. 29
2.2.1.4 Rechtspersoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................... 29
2.2.1.5 Representativiteit ........................................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.6 Europese en internationale vakbonden .......................................................................... 32
2.2.2 Werkgeversorganisaties ....................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.3 overheid ............................................................................................................................................... 32
2.3 Niveaus en instellingen ........................................................................................................................ 33
2.3.1 Overzicht .............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.3.2 Interprofessioneel ................................................................................................................................ 34
2.3.2.1 Formeel of informeel overleg ......................................................................................... 34
2.3.2.2 Formeel of institutioneel overleg.................................................................................... 34
2.3.2.3 Formeel overleg op substatelijk niveau .......................................................................... 34
2.3.3 Sectoraal............................................................................................................................................... 35
2.3.3.1 Federale sociale overlegorganen .................................................................................... 35
2.3.4 onderneming ........................................................................................................................................ 36
2.3.4.1 Vakbondsafvaardiging ..................................................................................................... 36
2.3.4.2 Ondernemingsraad (OR) ................................................................................................. 37
2.3.4.3 Comité voor preventie en bescherming op het werk (CPBW) ........................................ 38
2.4 CAO ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
2.4.1 Begrip ................................................................................................................................................... 41
2.4.2 Inhoud .................................................................................................................................................. 41
2.4.3 Aangaan/beëindiging ........................................................................................................................... 41
2.4.4 binding van de CAO .............................................................................................................................. 42
2.4.4.1 Samenvatting binding cao ............................................................................................... 44
2.4.4.2 Handhaving van de binding cao ...................................................................................... 45
2.4.4.3 Handhaving binding cao .................................................................................................. 45
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,algemene informatie - Inhoud
2.5 Collectieve conflicten ........................................................................................................................... 45
2.5.1 Begrippen ............................................................................................................................................. 45
2.5.1.1 Collectieve geschillen ...................................................................................................... 45
2.5.1.2 Collectieve acties ............................................................................................................ 46
2.5.2 Werkstaking ......................................................................................................................................... 47
2.5.2.1 Grondslag ........................................................................................................................ 47
2.5.2.2 Beperkingen .................................................................................................................... 48
2.5.2.3 Gevolgen voor werknemers ............................................................................................ 48
2.5.2.4 Begeleidende omstandigheden ...................................................................................... 49
2.5.3 Uitsluiting ............................................................................................................................................. 50
2.5.3.1 Grondslag ........................................................................................................................ 50
2.5.4 Beheersen conflict ................................................................................................................................ 50
2.5.4.1 Sociaalrechtelijk instrumentarium .................................................................................. 50
2.5.4.2 Beroep op rechtbank ...................................................................................................... 51
2.5.4.3 conflictregeling ............................................................................................................... 51
2.6 arbeidsreglement ................................................................................................................................. 51
2.6.1 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 52
2.6.2 Opstellen/wijzigen ............................................................................................................................... 52
2.6.3 Inhoud .................................................................................................................................................. 52
2.6.3.1 Verplichte vermeldingen ................................................................................................. 52
2.6.3.2 Facultatieve vermeldingen .............................................................................................. 53
2.6.3.3 Of toch een policy? ......................................................................................................... 53
2.6.4 Publiciteit ............................................................................................................................................. 53
2.7 Herstructurering ................................................................................................................................... 53
2.7.1 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 53
2.7.1.1 Herstructurering van ondernemingen ............................................................................ 54
2.7.2 Collectief ontslag .................................................................................................................................. 54
2.7.2.1 Begrip .............................................................................................................................. 54
2.7.2.2 Doel regelgeving ............................................................................................................. 54
2.7.2.3 België............................................................................................................................... 55
2.7.2.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 55
2.7.2.5 Vergoeding ...................................................................................................................... 55
2.7.3 Sluiting onderneming ........................................................................................................................... 55
2.7.4 Overdracht onderneming ..................................................................................................................... 56
3 Arbeidsmarktrecht ......................................................................................................................... 57
3.1 werkgelegenheid .................................................................................................................................. 57
3.1.1 Werkgelegenheidsbeleid ...................................................................................................................... 57
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3.1.2 Werkgelegenheidsbevordering ............................................................................................................ 58
3.1.2.1 Financiële voordelen ....................................................................................................... 58
3.1.2.2 tewerkstelling ................................................................................................................. 60
3.1.2.3 Scholing en opleiding ...................................................................................................... 60
3.2 Werving en selectie .............................................................................................................................. 60
3.2.1 Arbeidsbemiddeling ............................................................................................................................. 60
3.2.1.1 Werving versus selectie .................................................................................................. 60
3.2.1.2 Werving door arbeidsbemiddeling ................................................................................. 60
3.2.2 Uitzendarbeid ....................................................................................................................................... 61
3.2.2.1 Werving door uitzendarbeid ........................................................................................... 61
3.2.2.2 Uitzendarbeid ................................................................................................................. 61
3.2.2.3 Beroep op uitzendarbeid ................................................................................................ 64
3.2.3 Terbeschikkingstelling .......................................................................................................................... 64
3.2.4 Outplacement ...................................................................................................................................... 65
3.2.5 Buitenlands .......................................................................................................................................... 66
3.2.5.1 Buitenlandse arbeidskrachten ........................................................................................ 66
3.2.5.2 EER onderdanen (europese economische ruimte) ......................................................... 66
3.2.5.3 Niet-EER onderdanen ...................................................................................................... 67
3.2.6 Sollicitatie en werving .......................................................................................................................... 68
3.2.6.1 Sollicitatie en selectie ..................................................................................................... 68
3.2.6.2 Verplichtingen werkgevers ............................................................................................. 69
3.2.6.3 Aanbevelingen voor werkgevers ..................................................................................... 69
3.2.6.4 Medische onderzoeken ................................................................................................... 69
4 Arbeidsovereenkomstenrecht ........................................................................................................ 71
4.1 inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 71
4.1.1 historische evolutie .............................................................................................................................. 71
4.2 arbeidsovereenkomst .......................................................................................................................... 71
4.2.1 begrip ................................................................................................................................................... 71
4.2.2 bestanddelen ....................................................................................................................................... 71
4.2.2.1 Bestanddelen overeenkomst in het algemeen ............................................................... 71
4.2.2.2 Bestanddelen ‘arbeids’overeenkomst: arbeid, loon, gezag (!!!) ..................................... 72
4.2.3 Vorm van de arbeidsovereenkomst ..................................................................................................... 74
4.2.4 Bewijs van de arbeidsovereenkomst ................................................................................................... 75
4.2.5 soorten statuten................................................................................................................................... 75
4.2.5.1 Werklieden en bedienden ............................................................................................... 75
4.2.5.2 Handelsvertegenwoordigers ........................................................................................... 75
4.2.5.3 Dienstboden .................................................................................................................... 76
Pagina 6 van 153
,algemene informatie - Inhoud
4.2.5.4 Huisarbeiders .................................................................................................................. 76
4.2.5.5 Studenten........................................................................................................................ 77
4.2.6 Soorten naar tijd .................................................................................................................................. 77
4.2.6.1 Bepaalde vs. onbepaalde tijd .......................................................................................... 77
4.2.6.2 Arbeidsovereenkomst voor welbepaald werk ................................................................ 78
4.2.6.3 Vervangingsovereenkomst ............................................................................................. 78
4.2.6.4 Voltijds vs. deeltijds ........................................................................................................ 78
4.2.7 bedingen .............................................................................................................................................. 78
4.2.7.1 geregelde bedingen ........................................................................................................ 78
4.2.7.2 Verboden bedingen ........................................................................................................ 81
4.3 rechten/verplichtingen ........................................................................................................................ 81
4.3.1 verplichtingen WG & WN ..................................................................................................................... 81
4.3.1.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................ 81
4.3.1.2 Persoonlijke levenssfeer ................................................................................................. 81
4.3.2 Rechten en plichten werknemer .......................................................................................................... 83
4.3.3 Rechten en plichten werkgever ........................................................................................................... 84
4.3.4 aansprakelijkheid werkgever ............................................................................................................... 84
4.3.5 aansprakelijkheid werknemer .............................................................................................................. 85
4.4 schorsing arbeidsovereenkomst .......................................................................................................... 85
4.4.1 Wettelijke schorsingsgronden .............................................................................................................. 85
4.4.1.1 arbeiders en bedienden .................................................................................................. 85
4.4.1.2 enkel arbeiders ............................................................................................................... 90
4.4.2 tijdelijke economische werkloosheid ................................................................................................... 90
4.5 einde .................................................................................................................................................... 90
4.5.1 regelmatige beëindiging ....................................................................................................................... 90
4.5.1.1 Regelmatige wijzen tussen partijen ................................................................................ 90
4.5.1.2 Regelmatige wijzen door de rechter ............................................................................... 91
4.5.1.3 Regelmatige wijzen door de wet..................................................................................... 91
4.5.1.4 Ontslag ............................................................................................................................ 91
4.5.1.5 Onmiddellijke regelmatige beëindiging .......................................................................... 96
4.5.2 onregelmatige beëindiging .................................................................................................................. 96
4.5.2.1 Impliciet ontslag .............................................................................................................. 96
4.5.2.2 opzeggingsvergoeding .................................................................................................... 97
4.5.3 verboden .............................................................................................................................................. 97
4.5.3.1 Ontslagverboden............................................................................................................. 97
4.5.3.2 Beperkingen ontslagmogelijkheden ............................................................................... 97
4.5.3.3 Misbruik ontslagrecht (= kennelijk onredelijk ontslag) ................................................... 99
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,algemene informatie - Inhoud
4.5.4 herstructurering ................................................................................................................................... 99
4.5.4.1 Herstructurering van ondernemingen .......................................................................... 100
4.5.4.2 Collectief ontslag ........................................................................................................... 100
4.5.4.3 Sluiting onderneming .................................................................................................... 101
4.5.4.4 Overdracht onderneming ............................................................................................. 101
5 Arbeidstijd ................................................................................................................................... 103
5.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 103
5.1.1 Arbeidsbescherming .......................................................................................................................... 103
5.2 Arbeidsduur........................................................................................................................................ 103
5.2.1 wetgeving ........................................................................................................................................... 103
5.2.2 Overwerk ............................................................................................................................................ 105
5.2.2.1 1/ Alleen in welbepaalde gevallen ............................................................................... 105
5.2.2.2 2/ Interne grens en absolute grens dient gerespecteerd te worden ............................ 106
5.2.2.3 Gevolgen ....................................................................................................................... 106
5.2.2.4 Bewijs overuren? .......................................................................................................... 106
5.2.3 Rusttijden ........................................................................................................................................... 107
5.3 Nachtarbeid ........................................................................................................................................ 107
5.4 Zondagsrust ........................................................................................................................................ 107
5.5 Feestdagen ......................................................................................................................................... 108
5.6 Jaarlijkse vakantie .............................................................................................................................. 108
5.6.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................... 108
5.6.2 Aanvullende vakantie ......................................................................................................................... 109
5.6.2.1 Jeugdvakantie ............................................................................................................... 109
5.6.2.2 “Europese” vakantie (aanvullende vakantie) ................................................................ 109
5.6.3 Seniorenvakantie ............................................................................................................................... 109
5.6.4 Vakantiegeld....................................................................................................................................... 110
5.6.5 Tijdstip ................................................................................................................................................ 110
6 Welzijn en gelijke behandeling ..................................................................................................... 111
6.1 Welzijn op het werk ........................................................................................................................... 111
6.1.1 Bronnen .............................................................................................................................................. 111
6.1.2 Beginselen .......................................................................................................................................... 111
6.1.2.1 Algemene beginselen .................................................................................................... 111
6.1.2.2 Verplichtingen werkgever ............................................................................................. 112
6.1.3 Organen .............................................................................................................................................. 113
6.1.3.1 Diensten voor preventie en bescherming op het werk ................................................ 113
6.1.3.2 Comité voor preventie en bescherming op het werk ................................................... 115
6.1.3.3 Andere actoren ............................................................................................................. 115
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, algemene informatie - Inhoud
6.1.4 Bijzondere bepalingen ........................................................................................................................ 116
6.1.4.1 Psychosociale risico’s .................................................................................................... 116
6.1.5 Sancties .............................................................................................................................................. 119
6.2 Gelijke behandeling ............................................................................................................................ 119
6.2.1 Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................... 119
6.2.2 3 wetten ............................................................................................................................................. 119
6.2.2.1 1/ Antidiscriminatiewet van 10 mei 2007 (omzetting Kaderrichtlijn 2000/78) ............ 119
6.2.2.2 2/ Genderwet van 10 mei 2007: Man – vrouw ............................................................. 120
6.2.2.3 3/ Racisme – xenofobie ................................................................................................. 121
6.2.3 Mechanisme ....................................................................................................................................... 122
6.2.3.1 Mechanisme in Antidiscriminatiewet, Genderwet en Wet Racisme en Xenofobie ..... 122
6.2.3.2 Rechtsbescherming ....................................................................................................... 122
6.2.4 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................ 123
6.2.5 EU-onderdaan .................................................................................................................................... 124
6.2.6 Rechtspositie ...................................................................................................................................... 124
6.3 Bescherming jongeren en vrouwen ................................................................................................... 124
6.3.1 Jongeren ............................................................................................................................................. 124
6.3.2 Vrouwen ............................................................................................................................................. 124
7 Loon ............................................................................................................................................. 126
7.1 begrip en recht ................................................................................................................................... 126
7.1.1 Begrip ................................................................................................................................................. 126
7.1.2 Recht .................................................................................................................................................. 126
7.2 Loonvorming ...................................................................................................................................... 127
7.2.1 Beginselen .......................................................................................................................................... 127
7.2.1.1 Hoogte van het loon ..................................................................................................... 127
7.2.1.2 Wijze van bepaling ........................................................................................................ 127
7.2.1.3 Minimumlonen ............................................................................................................. 127
7.2.2 Algemene normen .............................................................................................................................. 128
7.2.2.1 Minimum maandinkomen ............................................................................................ 128
7.2.2.2 Bezoldiging van gehandicapten .................................................................................... 128
7.2.2.3 Deeltijdse werknemers ................................................................................................. 128
7.2.2.4 Gelijk loon ..................................................................................................................... 128
7.2.3 Overheidsingrijpen ............................................................................................................................. 129
7.2.3.1 Wet 1996....................................................................................................................... 129
7.2.3.2 Wet 26 december 2015 ................................................................................................ 130
7.3 Loonbescherming ............................................................................................................................... 130
7.3.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................ 130
Pagina 9 van 153
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