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Summary English language rules
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English First Additional Language language structures and rules.
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Phrases and clausesPhrase
• Can't stand alone; always part of sentence
• Usually without a verb
• Ex. The girl in the library was reading.
She read the book at ten o'clock.
The girl, wanting information, read the book.
Adjectival phrases
• Group of words that describe a noun, but can't stand alone
• Ex. We are people with a common purpose.
Adverbial phrases
• Time – Ex. I'll do it in an hour.
• Frequency – Ex. The race is in winter every year.
• Place – Ex. She fell on the hard ground.
Clause
• Group of words with verb
• Can stand alone
• Ex. People dream of a better future
I enjoy my life here
The girl read the book.
Adverbial clauses
Does work of an adverb
• Time
• Place
• Manner
• Reason
Adjectival clauses
Does work of an adverb
Usually begins with:
• Who
• Which
• Whom
• That
• Whose
Finite and non-fiite verbs
Finite verbs
show person, number and tense
• Person – Subject is pronoun, finite verb should correspond ex. It is, I am, We are, He is
• Number – Is subject singular or plural ex. Man does, men do
• Tense – Shows when ex. He speaks, he spoke, he will speak
Non-finite verbs
• Infinitive
, ◦ Usually has to in front of it. Ex. I want to sing.
• Participle
◦ Present
▪ Ends in -ing
▪ Functions:
• Function as nouns ex. Presenting is my worst fear. = gerund
• Function as adjectives ex. I had a staring contest
• Forms tense ex. My legs are shaking
◦ Past
▪ Usually ends in -ed
▪ Functions:
• Forms tense ex. I had broken
• Acts as adjective ex. The terrified speaker
Remember!
Present and past participle need auxilary verbs to make them finite
• am • are • were • has
• is • was • have • had
◦ Gerund
▪ Present participle acting as a noun ex. Presenting is my worst fear.
Reading terms
Tone = (skryfstyl)
Connotation = Feelings and ideas of person associating with word.
Denotation = Dictionary meaning of word.
Bias = A one-sided opinion
Stereotyping = Label people according to gender, race, age ect.
Prejudice = Form an opinion of something before proper examination.
Conflict = Action, problem or adventure that makes story interesting
Parts of speech
Adverbs
• Time ex. Now, eventually, tomorrow
• Frequency ex. Daily, often, rarely
• Place ex. Here, everywhere, far
• Manner ex. Kindly, crossly, fearfully
Adjectives
• Adjectives – The dog is big
• Comparative – The horse is bigger
• Superlative – The giraffe is the biggest
Articles (lidwoorde)
Definite article (bepaalde lidwoord)
The
Indefinite article (onbepaalde lidwoord)
A
An – Used before words with vowel in front
Used before silent H words ex. An hour, an honour
Irregular verbs
Verbs that don't get -ed added in past and past participle, but change completely
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