Criminology and Justice Exam
FLASHCARDS *Q&A* (100% Correct)
2025/2026 |VERIFIED|
What are the key arguments in favor of *rehabilitation* over *punishment* in the context of
contemporary criminal justice, and how does this debate shape criminal justice policy?
The rehabilitation model emphasizes the possibility of change in offenders through therapeutic
interventions, education, and skill-building. Advocates argue that rehabilitation reduces recidivism,
improves societal reintegration, and addresses the root causes of crime. This contrasts with punishment-
based models that focus on deterrence. The debate shapes policies that either prioritize rehabilitation
programs in prisons or focus on harsher sentencing and incapacitation.
How do *social bond theory* and *self-control theory* explain the prevention of crime, and what are
their key differences in terms of their approach to criminal behavior?
Social bond theory posits that individuals who form strong attachments to social institutions like
family, education, and community are less likely to engage in criminal behavior. Self-control theory, on
the other hand, argues that individuals with low self-control are more prone to criminal acts regardless
of their social bonds. The key difference is that social bond theory focuses on external social factors,
while self-control theory emphasizes internal personality traits.
In what ways does *postmodern criminology* challenge traditional notions of crime, justice, and
punishment, particularly in relation to the criminal justice system's treatment of power and knowledge?
Postmodern criminology questions the objective truths and universal principles of traditional
criminological theories, emphasizing the role of power in shaping definitions of crime and justice. It
challenges the legitimacy of the criminal justice system, suggesting that justice is socially constructed
and that punishment often serves to reinforce existing power structures rather than deliver true justice.
How does *strain theory* explain the relationship between societal expectations and deviant behavior,
and what implications does it have for social policy and crime prevention?
Strain theory posits that individuals engage in deviant behavior when they are unable to achieve
socially approved goals through legitimate means. This results from the disparity between societal
expectations and the resources available to different social classes. The theory suggests that addressing
inequality and providing accessible opportunities could reduce crime by helping individuals achieve
success within the boundaries of the law.
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, What is the significance of *routine activities theory* in understanding the occurrence of crime, and
how does it inform crime prevention strategies?
Routine activities theory suggests that crime occurs when three factors converge: a motivated
offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship. This theory highlights the importance of
altering everyday routines to reduce opportunities for crime, such as improving surveillance, altering
environmental designs, and promoting community involvement to enhance security.
How do *feminist criminology* and *intersectionality* theory challenge mainstream criminological
thought, especially in relation to gender and race in crime and justice?
Feminist criminology critiques traditional criminology for neglecting gender and for viewing
women as either victims or exceptions. It emphasizes that crime and victimization are often gendered,
with women experiencing different forms of criminality and victimization than men. Intersectionality
theory builds on this by considering how race, class, gender, and other social identities intersect to
influence individuals' experiences within the criminal justice system.
In what ways do *economic theories of crime* explain the link between poverty and criminal behavior,
and how can policies be designed to address these root causes?
Economic theories of crime suggest that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may
resort to criminal behavior as a means to achieve financial stability, due to limited access to legitimate
opportunities. Policies can address these root causes by focusing on poverty alleviation, improving
education and employment opportunities, and creating social safety nets to reduce the financial
pressures that drive criminality.
How does the concept of *social disorganization* explain the persistence of crime in urban
environments, and what interventions can be implemented to combat this issue?
Social disorganization theory posits that crime is more prevalent in communities where social
institutions (such as family, school, and local organizations) are weak or absent, leading to a lack of social
control. Interventions to combat this issue focus on community-based initiatives that strengthen social
bonds, such as improving neighborhood cohesion, offering youth programs, and increasing community
policing to restore order.
What are the major criticisms of *mandatory sentencing* laws, particularly in terms of their impact on
racial minorities and their effectiveness in reducing crime?
Mandatory sentencing laws require fixed sentences for certain offenses, removing judicial
discretion. Critics argue that these laws disproportionately affect racial minorities, as they often target
specific crimes more common in minority communities. Additionally, studies show that mandatory
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