Criminology Unit 1.1 Comprehensive
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What are the key theoretical perspectives that explain the causes of crime, and how do they differ in
terms of the social, biological, and psychological factors they emphasize?
Sociological theories focus on societal influences such as poverty and social structures, biological
theories emphasize genetic predispositions or neurological factors, while psychological theories
investigate individual mental processes and behavior patterns.
How does the concept of social control theory explain criminal behavior, and what are the key factors
that prevent individuals from engaging in criminal acts?
Social control theory argues that crime occurs when an individual’s bond to society is weakened;
key factors include attachment to others, commitment to societal norms, involvement in conventional
activities, and belief in societal rules.
Discuss the relationship between strain theory and deviant behavior. How do individuals cope with
societal strain according to Robert Merton’s framework?
Strain theory suggests that crime is a result of the strain individuals experience when they cannot
achieve societal goals through legitimate means. People cope with strain through conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion.
How does the conflict theory approach crime, and why do conflict theorists view the legal system as an
instrument of social control for the ruling class?
Conflict theory argues that crime is a result of societal inequalities and that the legal system is
used by the powerful to control the lower classes and maintain their dominance, often criminalizing
behaviors that threaten their interests.
Analyze the role of labeling theory in understanding criminal behavior. How do labels assigned to
individuals contribute to the continuation of criminality?
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, Labeling theory suggests that when individuals are labeled as criminals, they internalize this label,
which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, making them more likely to engage in further criminal
behavior due to societal expectations and stigma.
What are the main differences between classical and positivist criminology in terms of their assumptions
about human nature and criminal responsibility?
Classical criminology assumes that individuals have free will and choose to commit crimes based
on rational calculation, while positivist criminology focuses on external factors (such as biology,
environment, or psychology) that influence behavior, often suggesting that criminals are not entirely
responsible for their actions.
How does routine activities theory explain the occurrence of crime, and what are the necessary
elements for a crime to take place according to this theory?
Routine activities theory posits that crime occurs when a motivated offender comes into contact
with a suitable target without capable guardianship. The three elements required are a motivated
offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship.
In what ways do critical criminologists challenge traditional views of crime and justice? Discuss their
critique of the mainstream criminological theories.
Critical criminologists argue that mainstream theories overlook the role of power and inequality
in shaping crime and justice. They critique traditional theories for ignoring the ways in which the legal
system and social structures protect the interests of the wealthy and powerful.
What is the concept of “dark figure of crime,” and how does it challenge the accuracy of crime statistics
and criminal justice policy?
The dark figure of crime refers to the crimes that go unreported or undetected, which challenges
the accuracy of crime statistics. This unreported crime can lead to inaccurate criminal justice policies and
an underestimation of the true crime rate.
How does the concept of differential association theory explain the learning of criminal behavior?
Differential association theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions
with others. The frequency, duration, and intensity of interactions with people who promote criminal
behavior influence an individual’s likelihood of adopting criminal behavior themselves.
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, Discuss how feminist criminology addresses the gendered nature of crime and victimization, and how it
critiques traditional criminology.
Feminist criminology highlights the gender biases in traditional criminology, arguing that
women's experiences of crime and victimization are often overlooked. It emphasizes how patriarchy and
gender inequality contribute to both the commission of crime and the victimization of women.
How does the concept of “broken windows theory” explain the relationship between minor offenses and
more serious criminal activity in urban areas?
Broken windows theory suggests that visible signs of disorder, such as vandalism or minor crimes,
create an environment that encourages more serious crimes. The theory posits that maintaining order in
neighborhoods can prevent the escalation of crime.
What role does the concept of “social disorganization theory” play in understanding crime in urban
communities?
Social disorganization theory argues that crime is more likely to occur in communities with weak
social institutions, lack of community involvement, and high levels of poverty and residential mobility,
which erode the ability to maintain social order.
Explain the concept of “criminogenic environment” and how environmental factors contribute to
criminal behavior.
A criminogenic environment refers to an environment that encourages or facilitates criminal
behavior. Factors such as poverty, lack of education, limited social mobility, and inadequate social
controls can contribute to the development of criminal behavior in individuals.
What are the implications of biological theories of crime for criminal justice policies, particularly with
regard to rehabilitation and prevention?
Biological theories suggest that genetic, neurological, or hormonal factors can predispose
individuals to criminal behavior. This can lead to policies focused on early intervention, treatment, and
rehabilitation aimed at addressing these biological factors.
How does the concept of “strain theory” relate to youth gangs and juvenile delinquency?
Strain theory suggests that youth gangs and delinquency arise when young people experience
strain due to a lack of access to legitimate means to achieve societal goals, such as success or wealth,
and resort to delinquent behavior as a way to cope with these frustrations.
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