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Comprehensive Epidemiology HOSA Exam Preparation: Verified Questions & Answers [2025/2026 Edition] Accurate, Updated, and Guaranteed Success

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Comprehensive Epidemiology HOSA Exam Preparation: Verified Questions & Answers [2025/2026 Edition] Accurate, Updated, and Guaranteed Success How can the principle of "causal inference" be applied to establish a connection between exposure and disease in observational studies? ...

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  • December 12, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Comprehensive Epidemiology HOSA
Exam Preparation: Verified Questions &
Answers [2025/2026 Edition]
Accurate, Updated, and Guaranteed
Success
How can the principle of "causal inference" be applied to establish a connection between exposure and
disease in observational studies?

Causal inference requires the use of methods like matching, stratification, or statistical modeling
to minimize confounding and bias, ensuring that observed associations are more likely to reflect true
causation.



What is the significance of the "ecological fallacy" in interpreting epidemiological data?

The ecological fallacy occurs when inferences about individuals are incorrectly drawn from group-
level data, potentially leading to misleading conclusions.



In the context of vaccine efficacy studies, what does a "95% confidence interval" imply?

It implies that if the study were repeated 100 times, the calculated interval would contain the
true vaccine efficacy in 95 of those studies.



Why are case reports and case series considered less reliable forms of evidence in epidemiology?

They lack control groups, making it impossible to determine causation and generalize findings to
a larger population.



How does "recall bias" impact case-control studies, and what measures can be taken to reduce it?

Recall bias occurs when participants' ability to accurately remember past exposures differs
between cases and controls. To reduce it, researchers can use objective records or blinded data
collection methods.



What challenges arise in interpreting results from a meta-analysis, and how can they be addressed?


1

, Challenges include publication bias, heterogeneity among included studies, and variations in
quality. These can be addressed by conducting sensitivity analyses and ensuring strict inclusion criteria.



How does a dose-response relationship strengthen causal inference in epidemiological studies?

A dose-response relationship indicates that as exposure to a risk factor increases, the likelihood
or severity of the outcome also increases, supporting a causal link.



Explain the "healthy worker effect" and its implications for occupational health studies.

The healthy worker effect refers to the tendency of employed individuals to have better health
outcomes than the general population, which can lead to underestimation of risks in occupational
studies.



What role does lead time bias play in the interpretation of cancer screening effectiveness?

Lead time bias occurs when early detection increases perceived survival time without actually
improving outcomes, falsely suggesting screening effectiveness.



Discuss how the "null hypothesis" is used in epidemiological studies.

The null hypothesis states that there is no association between the exposure and the outcome.
Researchers aim to reject it through statistical testing to demonstrate a significant relationship.



What is the importance of controlling for "loss to follow-up" in longitudinal studies?

Loss to follow-up can introduce bias and reduce study validity if the reasons for dropout are
related to the exposure or outcome being studied.



Why are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) preferred over observational studies for assessing
interventions?

RCTs minimize bias by randomly assigning participants to groups, ensuring comparability and
allowing for a direct assessment of causality.



How do you interpret an odds ratio (OR) greater than 1 in case-control studies?

An OR greater than 1 suggests that exposure is associated with an increased likelihood of the
outcome, though it does not confirm causation.

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