Medical/Nursing BOWL-HOSA: Updated
Question and Answers [100% Correct]
2025/2026 Latest Version!!
What is the most common underlying cause of heart failure in adults, and how does it affect the heart's
ability to pump blood effectively?
Coronary artery disease, which narrows and blocks the coronary arteries, leading to reduced
oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart muscle, making it harder for the heart to pump effectively.
What are some key signs and symptoms that may indicate dehydration in a patient, and how can it be
managed effectively?
Dry mouth, dark yellow urine, and dizziness are common symptoms. Treatment involves
increasing fluid intake and possibly administering intravenous fluids to restore hydration.
What does "systolic" blood pressure measure, and what does an elevated systolic reading typically
indicate about cardiovascular health?
Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. Elevated
systolic pressure often indicates an increased risk of cardiovascular problems such as stroke or heart
attack.
What medication class is most commonly prescribed to help control hypertension, and how do these
medications work in the body?
Antihypertensives, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics, work by either dilating
blood vessels, reducing heart rate, or reducing fluid buildup, thus lowering blood pressure.
What is the normal respiratory rate range for a healthy adult, and what could a respiratory rate outside
of this range indicate?
A normal respiratory rate for an adult is 12-20 breaths per minute. A rate above or below this
range could indicate respiratory distress, an underlying lung condition, or other medical emergencies.
What is the primary function of an inhaler in managing asthma, and how does it help control symptoms
of the disease?
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, An inhaler delivers medication directly into the lungs, often containing bronchodilators or
corticosteroids, to relieve airway inflammation and constriction, improving breathing during an asthma
attack.
What are some common side effects associated with opioid medications, and what precautions should
be taken when using them?
Constipation, drowsiness, and nausea are common side effects. Patients should be monitored for
these symptoms, and other interventions like stool softeners may be necessary to prevent complications.
Which part of the brain controls basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, and
what happens if this area is damaged?
The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, controls these vital functions.
Damage to this area can result in life-threatening disruptions in heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure
regulation.
What are some long-term complications of poorly controlled diabetes, and how do these complications
affect the body over time?
Neuropathy, kidney damage, and vision problems are common complications. Over time, high
blood sugar can damage nerves, blood vessels, and organs, leading to chronic pain, organ failure, and
loss of vision.
What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and why are heparin injections commonly used to treat it in
hospitalized patients?
Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Heparin
is an anticoagulant that prevents the clot from growing larger and reduces the risk of the clot traveling to
the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
What is "tachycardia," and what might cause this condition to develop in a patient?
Tachycardia refers to a heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute. It may be caused by stress,
fever, anemia, or heart-related conditions like arrhythmia or heart failure.
What is the first step in performing CPR on an adult who has collapsed and is unresponsive, and why is it
so important to initiate it promptly?
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, The first step is to check for responsiveness and call for help. Immediate chest compressions are
crucial to circulate oxygenated blood to the brain and vital organs until emergency services arrive.
What does the abbreviation "SOB" stand for in medical terms, and what are some potential causes of
this symptom?
Shortness of breath, which may be caused by asthma, heart failure, pneumonia, or other
respiratory conditions, can range from mild to life-threatening and requires immediate evaluation.
What are the key functions of red blood cells in the circulatory system, and how do they contribute to
overall health?
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs for exhalation. They are vital for oxygenating the body's cells and maintaining
metabolic functions.
What is considered a normal pre-meal blood glucose range for adults, and why is maintaining this range
important for individuals with diabetes?
A normal blood glucose range before meals is 70-99 mg/dL. Maintaining this range is critical for
preventing complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia in diabetic patients.
What is the primary purpose of insulin therapy in patients with diabetes, and how does it work to
manage blood sugar levels?
Insulin therapy helps regulate blood sugar by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for
energy. It is especially important in type 1 diabetes, where the body cannot produce insulin.
What is a common symptom of anemia, and how does it affect the body’s ability to function normally?
Fatigue is a common symptom of anemia due to a lack of healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen.
This reduces the body's energy levels, leading to weakness and difficulty performing daily tasks.
What is the term for liver inflammation, and what are some common causes of this condition?
Hepatitis, which can be caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse, or autoimmune diseases, leads
to inflammation of the liver, often resulting in jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain.
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