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Samenvatting Statistiek voor bedrijfskunde
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Statistiek voor bedrijfskunde door Prof. dr. Ellen Van Droogenbroeck
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STATISTIEK VOORBEDRIJFSKUNDE
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1. Inleiding tot statistiek......................................................................................... 4
1.1 Onderzoeksmethode..................................................................................... 4
1.2 Onderzoeksproces......................................................................................... 4
1.2.1 Begrippen................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Variabelen.................................................................................................. 5
1.2.3 Meetschalen............................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 Vormen....................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5 Verzamelen gegevens................................................................................ 9
1.2.6 Soorten statistiek....................................................................................... 9
2. Beschrijvende statistiek en grafieken...............................................................10
2.1 Verdeling..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 Kwantitatieve variabele / interval of ratio meetschaal..........................10
2.1.2 Kwalitatieve variabele / nominale of ordinale meetschaal....................11
2.1.3 Normaalverdeling.................................................................................. 11
2.2 Centrummaten............................................................................................ 12
2.2.1 Modus.................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Mediaan................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 Gemiddelde........................................................................................... 12
2.3 Spreidingsmaten......................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Spreidingsbreedte................................................................................. 13
2.3.2 Interkwartielafstand.............................................................................. 13
2.3.3 Variantie................................................................................................ 14
2.3.4 Standaardafwijking................................................................................ 14
2.3.5 Box-plot................................................................................................. 15
3. De grondbeginselen van de inferentiële statistiek: Hypothesetoetsing............15
3.1 Begrippen.................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Wet van de grote getallen.....................................................................15
3.2 Toevalsvariabele......................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Kansverdeling....................................................................................... 16
= specificeren van de mogelijke waarden en kansen van die waarden.........16
1
, 3.2.2 normaalverdeling.................................................................................. 17
3.3 Hypothesetoetsing...................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Nulhypothese & alternatieve hypothese...............................................19
3.3.2 Significantieniveau................................................................................ 19
3.3.3 Steekproeftrekking & statistische toets................................................20
3.3.4 P-waarde............................................................................................... 20
3.3.5 Conclusie............................................................................................... 21
4. Verschil- en variantieanalyse: T-testen en One-way anova..............................22
4.1 One-sample T-test....................................................................................... 22
4.2 Paired samples t-test................................................................................... 22
4.3 Independent samples t-test.........................................................................22
4.4 One-way ANOVA.......................................................................................... 23
5. Correlatie.......................................................................................................... 24
5.1 Pearson....................................................................................................... 24
6. Niet-parametrische toetsen.............................................................................. 25
6.1 Chikwadraat................................................................................................ 25
6.2 Mann Whitney U test................................................................................... 26
6.3 Wilcoxon signed rank test...........................................................................26
6.4 Kruskal-wallis test....................................................................................... 26
6.5 Correlatie.................................................................................................... 27
6.5.1 Spearman’s RHO................................................................................... 27
6.5.2 Kendall’s Tau......................................................................................... 27
6.5.3 Chikwadraat voor kruistabellen.............................................................27
7. Lineaire regressie............................................................................................. 28
7.1 Regressie..................................................................................................... 28
7.2 Lineaire regressie........................................................................................ 28
7.2.1 Regressievergelijking............................................................................ 29
7.2.2 Enkelvoudige lineaire regressie............................................................29
7.2.3 Meervoudige lineaire regressie.............................................................30
7.3 Assumpties.................................................................................................. 30
7.3.1 Lineariteit.............................................................................................. 30
7.3.2 Normaal verdeelde fouten.....................................................................31
7.3.3 Onafhankelijke fouten...........................................................................31
7.3.4 Homoscedasticiteit................................................................................ 31
7.3.5 Multicollineariteit................................................................................... 31
7.4 Lineaire regressie bij kwalitatieve variabelen.............................................32
8. Logistische regressie........................................................................................ 32
2
, 8.1 Algemeen.................................................................................................... 32
8.2 Assumpties.................................................................................................. 33
8.3 Binaire logistische regressie........................................................................33
9. Overzicht.......................................................................................................... 35
9.1 Statistische TOETSEN.................................................................................. 35
3
, 1.INLEIDING TOT STATISTIEK
1.1 ONDERZOEKSMETHODE
Kwalitatieve methode Kwantitatieve methode
- Interviews - Statistiek
- Focusgroepen - Grote hoeveelheden getallen
- Woorden - Enquêtes met
meerkeuzevragen of vragen
naar hoeveelheden of tijdsduur
= set tools en technieken gebruikt
voor het beschrijven, organiseren en
interpreteren van informatie of
gegevens
1.2 ONDERZOEKSPROCES
4
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