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Samenvatting VIO
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Samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges aan de hand van lesmateriaal (powerpoints) en notities, 15 hoofdstukken, 127 pagina's Examencijfer: 16/20
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Verbintenissenrecht in deonderneming
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding tot boek 5........................................................................................................................................ 8
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................8
Verhouding tussen Boeken 1 en 5........................................................................................................................9
Krachtlijnen van boek 5......................................................................................................................................10
Krachtlijnen van het vernieuwde verbintenissenrecht.................................................................................10
Inhoudelijke klemtonen: “een evolutie, geen revolutie”..............................................................................10
Nieuwe structuur...........................................................................................................................................11
Vormelijke krachtlijnen..................................................................................................................................12
Onderhandelen en formaliseren van de precontractuele fase.......................................................................13
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................13
3 preciseringen:.............................................................................................................................................13
Tijdslijn: voortaan in 3 fasen..........................................................................................................................14
Verdere toelichting bij de 3 fasen:............................................................................................................14
Het onderhandelingsproces...............................................................................................................................15
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................15
Focus op onderhandelde contracten – werkveld.....................................................................................15
Definitie van onderhandelingen...............................................................................................................15
Verloop van onderhandelingen................................................................................................................16
Juridisch regime van onderhandelingen........................................................................................................16
Onderhandelingen binden partijen niet...................................................................................................16
Nuanceringen uit Boek 5...........................................................................................................................17
Nuancering uit de rechtspraak: misbruik van contractsvrijheid...............................................................17
Formaliseren van de precontractuele fase.........................................................................................................19
Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................19
Precontractuele documenten........................................................................................................................19
1. Onderhandelingsovereenkomst...........................................................................................................19
2. Intentieverklaring of -brief (Letter Of Intent).......................................................................................19
3. Beginselakkoord (Heads of agreement)...............................................................................................20
4. Finaal contract met opschortende voorwaarde(n)...............................................................................20
5. Gentlemen’s agreement.......................................................................................................................21
6. Patronaatsbrief (comfort letter)...........................................................................................................21
Voorbereidende en voor-contracten.............................................................................................................21
1. Voorbereidende contracten (raamcontracten)....................................................................................21
2. Voorcontracten.....................................................................................................................................22
Progressief contracteren: theorie en insteek vanuit de praktijk....................................................................23
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................23
Nut van voorwaarden en tijdsbepalingen.....................................................................................................23
Voorbeeldclausules........................................................................................................................................23
Opschortende voorwaarde.................................................................................................................................24
Begrip.............................................................................................................................................................24
Voorwaarde vs tijdsbepaling....................................................................................................................24
Opschortend vs ontbindend.....................................................................................................................24
1
, Extern karakter (voorwaarden)................................................................................................................25
Gevolgen........................................................................................................................................................26
Opschortende voorwaarde in de praktijk: redactiechecklist..............................................................................27
Denken...........................................................................................................................................................27
1. Willen partijen zich al verbinden tot het definitieve contract?............................................................27
2. Heeft de voorwaarde een extern karakter?.........................................................................................27
Doen...............................................................................................................................................................28
3. Moeten bepaalde verbintenissen al onmiddellijk uitwerking krijgen?................................................28
4. Wat moet er precies gebeuren alvorens de verbintenis(sen) opeisbaar mag (mogen) worden?.......29
5. Wie moet wat doen om de vervulling van de voorwaarde te bevorderen?........................................29
6. Wie kan aan de voorwaarde verzaken?................................................................................................29
7. Welke kennisgevingsverplichtingen bestaan er bij (niet-)vervulling van de voorwaarde?..................29
8. Hoelang willen partijen de vervulling van de voorwaarde afwachten?...............................................29
9. Wat als de voorwaarde zich niet vervult?............................................................................................30
Nakoming en niet-nakoming van contracten: algemeen kader vanuit Boek 5 voor sancties bij toerekenbare
niet-nakoming............................................................................................................................................. 31
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................31
Schematische voorstelling van boek 5..........................................................................................................31
Basis onderscheid: toerekenbare vs niet-toerekenbare niet-nakoming.......................................................31
Sancties bij toerekenbare niet-nakoming: algemeen kader van Boek 5............................................................32
1. Inleiding: niet-nakoming, sancties en krachtlijnen van hun hervorming – ingebrekestelling..................32
2. Exceptie van niet-uitvoering (ENAC) - Les 7..............................................................................................33
3. Uitvoering in natura – Les 7.......................................................................................................................33
Gerechtelijke vervanging..........................................................................................................................34
Buitengerechtelijke vervanging................................................................................................................34
4. Schadeherstel - Les 7.................................................................................................................................34
5. Ontbinding - Les 5......................................................................................................................................35
Recht op ontbinding – artikel 5.90 BW.....................................................................................................35
Gerechtelijke ontbinding – artikel 5.91 BW..............................................................................................35
Ontbindend beding – artikel 5.92 BW......................................................................................................36
Ontbinding op kennisgeving – artikel 5.93 BW........................................................................................36
Sanctie bij onregelmatige of abusieve buitengerechtelijke ontbinding – artikel 5.94 BW......................36
Gevolgen en gedeeltelijke ontbinding – artikelen 5.95 en 5.96 BW........................................................36
6. Prijsvermindering - Les 13.........................................................................................................................36
Clausules rond niet-nakoming van contracten..................................................................................................37
Inleiding: centrale rol van de partijen...........................................................................................................37
Soorten contractuele clausules.....................................................................................................................37
Rol van de rechter: tegengewicht a posteriori..............................................................................................37
Partijbeslissingsbevoegdheden.....................................................................................................................38
Voorbeeld: keuzerecht-bedingen..................................................................................................................38
Clausules rond de beëindiging van contracten: opzeggingsbedingen, ontbindende bedingen en ontbindende
voorwaarden............................................................................................................................................... 40
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................40
Ontbinding en ontbindende bedingen...............................................................................................................41
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................41
Gerechtelijke ontbinding: artikel 5.91 BW...............................................................................................42
Ontbindend beding: artikel 5.92 BW........................................................................................................42
Begrip...................................................................................................................................................42
Kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................43
Interpretatie.........................................................................................................................................43
Geoorloofdheid....................................................................................................................................43
Uitgewerkt voorbeeld..........................................................................................................................43
2
, Gevolgen..............................................................................................................................................44
Onderscheid met eenzijdig opzeggingsbeding....................................................................................44
Sanctie bij onregelmatige of abusieve buitengerechtelijke ontbinding: artikel 5.94 BW...................45
Toekomst..............................................................................................................................................45
Ontbinding op kennisgeving: artikel 5.93 BW..........................................................................................45
Opzegging en opzeggingsbedingen...................................................................................................................46
Opzegging......................................................................................................................................................46
Opzeggingsbedingen......................................................................................................................................46
Begrip........................................................................................................................................................46
Voorbeelden.............................................................................................................................................46
Kenmerken................................................................................................................................................47
Controle door de rechter..........................................................................................................................47
Ontbindende voorwaarde..................................................................................................................................48
Begrip.............................................................................................................................................................48
Kenmerken.....................................................................................................................................................48
Voorbeelden..................................................................................................................................................48
Geoorloofdheid..............................................................................................................................................48
Vorm..............................................................................................................................................................48
Gevolgen........................................................................................................................................................49
Vergelijking met eenzijdig opzeggingsbeding...............................................................................................49
Vergelijking met ontbindend beding.............................................................................................................49
Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................49
De B2B-wet van 4 april 2019........................................................................................................................ 50
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................50
Bondige schets: wet met 3 luiken..................................................................................................................50
Ratio legis.......................................................................................................................................................50
Context van B2B-wet.....................................................................................................................................50
Onrechtmatige bedingen...................................................................................................................................51
Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................................51
Transparantieverplichting..............................................................................................................................51
Interpretatieregels.........................................................................................................................................52
Algemene, open norm...................................................................................................................................52
B2B-wet en verhouding tot gemeen recht (Boek 5).................................................................................53
Zwarte lijst (art. VI.91/4 WER).......................................................................................................................53
Grijze lijst (art VI.91/5 WER)..........................................................................................................................53
Sanctionering inter partes en handhaving....................................................................................................55
Besluit............................................................................................................................................................55
Schade- en bevrijdingsbedingen, vervangings- en ENAC-bedingen................................................................56
Schade- en exoneratiebedingen.........................................................................................................................56
Schadebedingen............................................................................................................................................56
Definitie in oud en nieuw recht................................................................................................................56
Drie regimes..............................................................................................................................................56
Voorbeeldclausules...................................................................................................................................57
Overdreven schadebedingen....................................................................................................................58
Bijzondere regimes...................................................................................................................................59
Regels in B2C........................................................................................................................................59
Regels in B2B........................................................................................................................................59
Bevrijdingsbedingen......................................................................................................................................59
Definities en geldigheid............................................................................................................................59
Voorbeeldclausules...................................................................................................................................60
Bijzondere regimes...................................................................................................................................60
Regels in B2C........................................................................................................................................60
3
, Regels in B2B........................................................................................................................................60
Vervangings- en ENAC-bedingen (voorbeelden)................................................................................................61
Vervangingsbedingen....................................................................................................................................61
ENAC-bedingen..............................................................................................................................................62
De nieuwe nietigheidsleer............................................................................................................................ 64
Inleiding: herkenbaar maar grondig vernieuwd................................................................................................64
Herkenbare elementen van de nietigheidsleer uit oude rechtspraak en rechtsleer..........................................64
Vernieuwingen op vlak van sanctionering van ongeldige contracten en bedingen rond 2 assen.....................64
Proportionaliteit............................................................................................................................................65
Bewijsrecht in de onderneming.................................................................................................................... 67
Gemeenrechtelijk bewijsregime.........................................................................................................................67
Het bewijsrecht..............................................................................................................................................67
Begrippenkader.............................................................................................................................................68
Bewijslast.......................................................................................................................................................69
Gereglementeerd bewijsstelsel.....................................................................................................................69
Burgerlijke bewijsmiddelen...........................................................................................................................70
Ondernemingsbewijsrecht.................................................................................................................................70
Vrije bewijsvoering........................................................................................................................................70
Principe.....................................................................................................................................................70
Implicaties en uitzonderingen..................................................................................................................71
Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................................71
Basisconcept.............................................................................................................................................71
Opbouw van art. 8.11, §1 BW...................................................................................................................71
Boekhouding..................................................................................................................................................72
Bewijs via boekhouding............................................................................................................................72
Principe.................................................................................................................................................72
Bewijsmiddelen....................................................................................................................................72
Overlegging van de boekhouding.............................................................................................................72
Principe.................................................................................................................................................72
Begeleidende maatregelen..................................................................................................................73
Factuur...........................................................................................................................................................73
Algemeen..................................................................................................................................................73
Definitie................................................................................................................................................73
Doelstellingen......................................................................................................................................73
Verplichte vermeldingen factuur.........................................................................................................74
Elektronische factuur...........................................................................................................................74
Taal van de factuur...............................................................................................................................74
Bewijswaarde van de factuur...................................................................................................................74
Pro forma factuur.................................................................................................................................76
Andere ondernemingsdocumenten..............................................................................................................76
Niet-geprotesteerde brieven....................................................................................................................76
Verzoeken tot betaling en declaraties......................................................................................................76
Bewijsclausules en overeenkomsten..................................................................................................................76
Principe..........................................................................................................................................................76
Verschillende types........................................................................................................................................76
Geoorloofdheid..............................................................................................................................................77
Redactie van contracten............................................................................................................................... 78
Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................................78
Onderliggend kader: bewijs en interpretatie van een contract.........................................................................78
Interpretatie van een contract......................................................................................................................78
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