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Class notes

Modern Organic Chemistry I

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These notes are compiled from Spring 2024 lecture notes for Modern Organic Chemistry 1. Using lectures, practice exams + keys, and the class textbook, these notes were thoughtfully put together in a way that is organized and easy to follow. This document includes white and colored text on black pag...

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  • December 12, 2024
  • 31
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
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themothchemist
Atomic ORBITALS & Bonding
Theory 1 .

09 .


24

·
ORBITALS ARE WAVE-LIKE IN NATURE

· Go OUT From the NUCIEUS In X , Y ,
& E DIRECTIONS WITH "AMPLITUDE" ON A FOURTH DIMENSION

·
IMAGINE A GUITAR STRING PLUCKED >
- IT'S A STANDING WAVE
,


· IMAGINE A DRUMSKIN HIT-
> IT'S A ID WAVE
,



IMAGINE JERKING A Rope up & DOWN >
- IT'S A MOVING WAVE
·




NODES
NODE


- -
NODE : WHERE WAVE FUNCTION =
O ; WHERE FUNC . CHANGES From POS. To .
NEG


·
WAVE-FUNCTIONS OSCILLATE ON A 4D AXIS




A 1S ORBITAL IS
spUERICALly symMETRIC WITH LARGE AMPLITUDE At The NULLEUS FADIN


TOWARD ZERO
EXPONENTIALLY His Mis x*




I 2
I
· THE
PROBABILITY OF FINDING THE e-


(ELECTRON DENSITY)
INTEGRATED SQUARE OF
IS


THE WAVE
GIVEN
By
FUNC
TE
⑧ T > X



49s

L

- -




A 25 ORBITAL IS
SpUERICALly SymMETRIC BUT STARTS WITH A
POSITIVE AMPLITUDE ,
Drops

TO ZERO & CHANGES SIGN
,
REACHES A NEGATIVE MAX
.,
& FADES TOWARD ZERO
EXPONENTIALly
Yes Tes xA




I I
Pas

· >
i > X
MS SQUARED Wave Function


L

- -




2 PLANE (X-E PLANE
A
Py ORBITAL CHANGES AMPLITUDE AT THE NUCLEUS
,
GENERATING A NODAL


42PY
Z
YIPY 2py




I I I
N N




xL
·
-
M - -
>

,REVIEWING LEWIS STRUCTURES 1 .
08 .
24


NaOCN Na
; OON "HAVE us LIKE" RULE

O CN

HAVE : 645 +
1 - =
16




Happy RuLe
LIKE : 888 =
24

Snown S
PAIRS :



EACH ELEMENT WANTS
. .. -
1 -
2 + 2
EACH ELEMENT HAS
...
1 .

: -C-N :
3 BAD
H2/
Li Be42 .....
BC N Of Ne FORMAL CHARGES :



6386
Na
Mg42 0 : 6-7 = -
1 N : 5-7 :
-2

C : 4-2 = + 2

2 .
:o = C-N : 0 : 6-6 :
0 .
3

= 2C :O = C = N:
+ 1 : 4 -
3 = + 1 0 : 6-6 = 0 N : 5-6 = -
-


I
N :
5 -

7 = -

2 C : 4 -
4 = 0


4 .: 0 -

CEN :




-I 0 : 6-7 = -

1 N : 5-5 : 0 4)
Is THE BEST STRUCTURE ;
OxyGEN
C : 4-4 = 0 IS THE MOST ELECTRONEGATIVE SO THE
,

-
I CHARGE IS BEST PLACED ON IT
.




LEWIS STRUCTURE & RESONANCE PRACTICE

It H H H
I


-- -
I
C2H > 0 & H-C-C- : -
H THESE ARE CONSTITUTIONAL I SoMERS
-
I
H
it H THESE ARE NOT RESONANCE STRUCTURES



CHOCl O
:


:



Best"
3
: 0 :

H : 4167 = 18 21 I


0288 -&.. -
z
L: =
ci
I C) H ~

...

, Functional Groups
·


ALCOHOL R -

OH

·
ALKANE C -

C

·


ALKENE C = C

c C
ALkyNE
·

=


·


AMINE R -



NHz


·

AMIDE - R
Hi
R
O
CARBOXYLIL ACID
·

11
R OH

O
ALDEHyDE
·




!
-
R H

G
11

- "
KETONE/CARBONy R R
·


L




O
Il
ESTER C
·




-
V
R o -

R



·

ETHER R-O -
R

·
HALIDEX -
R



·

Benzeneeina xEY

, Acid-Base Strengths
STRONG/ WEAK

HCl C1-


HzOt H20
RCOOH
-




RCOO

NHyt NH3
H20 OH
-




R-OH R-0-
A CIDS BASES
SpHCCH SpHC = c :-



H H
-
H-

NHz NHz
-




Sp2 HzC CHe =
Sp2 HzC CH- =




- Sp3-
-




Sp3 -
H :




WEAK STRONG


PRODUCT FAVORED RXNS
O H-PRODUCT fAVORED !
1.
CHyCHzOH + H- -
CHgCH2O +
He <




CHzCHzOH NH2 CHyCHzO' +
NHs O <He PRODUCT FAVORED !
-
11. +




REACTANT FAVORED !
-




111 . CHICECH + -OH >
-
CALEC : - +
120 CEC : > -OH

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