PHIL 110 Test Questions with All Correct Answers
What is a categorical syllogism? - Answer-is an argument with two premises and one conclusion, all of whose statements are categorical
What are fallacies? - Answer-errors in reasoning
What is a formal fallacy? - Answer-is an argument whose ...
What is a categorical syllogism? - Answer-is an argument with two premises and one
conclusion, all of whose statements are categorical
What are fallacies? - Answer-errors in reasoning
What is a formal fallacy? - Answer-is an argument whose form is invalid
What is an informal fallacy? - Answer-is a mistake in reasoning which following from the
concepts involved in the argument, rather than the argument's form
What is a composition fallacy? - Answer-Asserting that what's true of the parts must be
true of the whole
What is division fallacy? - Answer-asserting that what is true of the whole must be true
of the parts
What is false dichotomy? - Answer-asserting an exclusive disjunction when more
alternatives are possible
What is an equivocation? - Answer-applying difference definitions to a single term in an
argument
slippery slopes fallacies? - Answer-rely on vagueness - when a concept is vague, it
means that we dont know precisely what claim is being made, or what the boundaries of
the concept are
what is a conceptual slippery slope? - Answer-Assuming that because we cannot draw
a distinction between adjacent stages, we cannot draw a distinction at all between any
stages
what is a casual slippery slope? - Answer-each individual conditional statement is
probable, the conditional that links the first event to the last event is also probable
Ad Hominem - Answer-Shifting focus from the argument to a person's character ("to the
person"; personal attack)
, Tu Quoque - Answer-Attempting to discredit an argument by pointing out that one's
opponent is being hypocritical
Genetic Fallacy - Answer-Assessing an idea's merits based on its origins.
Appeal to Consequences - Answer-Assessing an idea's merit based on its
consequences
Appeal to Authority - Answer-Using the wrong kind of authority as a witness
appeal to ignorance - Answer-asserting something based on the lack of evidence
against it
Ignoratio Elenchi - Answer-drawing the wrong conclusion from the evidence (ignoring
refutation; irrelevant conclusion"
natural fallacy - Answer-conflating what is a natural with which is good
red herring - Answer-irrelevant information to draw attention away from the thesis
what is a statistical generalization? - Answer-are generalizations arrived at by empirical
observations of certain regularities
two requirements to meet a "good statistical generalization" - Answer-(1) Adequate
sample size: the sample size must be large enough to support the generalization (2)
Non-biased sample: the sample must not be biased
random sampling - Answer-where anyone in the population has an equal chance of
being selected
what is a hasty generalization? - Answer-an informal fallacy that occurs when we infer a
statistical generalization about a population from too small a sample
what is IBE? - Answer-Inference to the best explanation - it is an inductive argument
what does IBE tell us? - Answer-which hypothesis to infer from the evidence: the
hypothesis which best explains that evidence
what is an argument? - Answer-a set of statements, some of which attempt to provide a
reason for thinking another statement is true
what is a statement? - Answer-a type of sentence that can be true or false
what is a premise? - Answer-a statement offered as a reason to believe another
statement is true - think of it as a reason
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