Summary
Summary Bio 12 Lecture Unit 2 - EXAM Overview
- Course
- Bio 12
- Institution
- Saddleback College
Essential Lecture Unit 2 - EXAM Overview.
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BIO 12 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY K SHAWLECTURE UNIT 2 EXAM OVERVIEW
You have the duration of class time and discussion time to complete the exam (2 hrs 20 mins)
There are several versions of the exam.
The exam includes:
Multiple Choice
Matching terms to descriptions
Word Spell
A relationship question worth 6 pts (similar to those at the end of the homework packet) and you will
choose one from a list of 4 relationships (same 4 on each exam version).
This is not an exhaustive overview, but it should give you some focal points during your review:
Metabolism
Define: metabolism, anabolism, catabolism
What are redox reactions? What happens to a molecule when it becomes oxidized? reduced?
What is the summarized metabolic pathway /chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
Review the homework packet table and class quiz on metabolic pathways:
o Know the order of the pathways in aerobic respiration (sequence listed on table!)
o Know the general cellular locations of the pathways, the reactants, and products.
o Know which pathways produce ATP and in what quantity.
o Know the total ATP yield per molecule of glucose for aerobic respiration.
o Review the summary table information for beta-oxidation.
Digestive System Physiology
Review the secretions of the stomach: intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, HCl, gastrin, and mucus.
o What is the function of each secreted substance?
o What cell type produces each substance?
o Review the 3 phases (cephalic, gastric, and intestinal) that result in HCL secretion from parietal cells. Which is
responsible for secretion of the most acid during the process: physical stimulation of the small intestine?
stimulation of the hormone gastrin? seeing or smelling food?
Review the production and function of bile. Relate bile to the following terms: liver, gall bladder, conjugated bilirubin,
emulsification, CCK, bile salts, steatorrhea.
Review normal glucose homeostasis and the role of hormones insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas.
o Compare gestational diabetes, DM I, and DM II
o Compare insulin-dependent cells (IDCs) and insulin-independent cells (IICs).
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, What types of cells are examples of IDCs versus IICs?
Explain how hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic coma. Which types of cells are affected: IDCs or IICs?
Explain how over-injection of insulin can lead to diabetic coma. Which types of cells are affected IDCs
or IICs?
Why is hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia, linked to cell dehydration?
Cell Membrane, Proteins, and Membrane Transport
Compare the processes of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Compare voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels.
Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
What is an electrochemical gradient?
What 4 ions are important to excitable cells like neurons. What are their concentration gradients across the cell
membrane for a neuron at rest? (e.g. K+ concentration higher in cell versus outside cell) If a neuron’s membrane
suddenly become permeable to each ion, will that ion tend to flow into or out of the cell? (e.g. K+ will flow out of the
cell down its concentration gradient)
Know terms: current, voltage (potential), resistance, conductance
Define resting membrane potential (RMP). List the 3 main reasons our cells have a negative resting membrane
potential.
Define equilibrium (Nernst) potential. What happens if an excitable cell, like a neuron, allows for ions to flow until
either EK or ENa is reached?
How do excitable cells, like neurons, use membrane potential to do work? In other words, how are they like a
battery? How are ion gradients reestablished after work is done so neurons do not become “dead batteries”.
Compare the action potential and local (graded) potentials
Compare voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels
Dendrites to Synapse/Drugs and Toxins:
Compare the general location of voltage- and ligand-gated channels along the neuron.
Recall from the membrane potential lecture, you should know 4 ions whose electrochemical gradients and selective
permeability are vital to neuron functioning. For each ion, what are the various scenarios that could lead to EPSPs
and IPSPs?
At any given time, membrane potential is a reflection of the ion with the greatest permeability. Review the phases of
the action potential and note which ion has the greatest permeability during each phase and how that is connected
to the membrane potential (mV) measured during each phase.
Know the terms depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization (introduced in excitable cell lecture).
o During what phases of the action potential does the neuron axon membrane undergo depolarization,
repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
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