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samenvatting De Europese Unie en haar Oosten: coöperatie en contestatie
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Samenvatting De Europese Unie en haar Oosten: coöperatieen contestatie
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Inleidend college: de fundamenten van het Europees systeem (18 e-
19e eeuw)...........................................................................................4
Inleiding: kaarten................................................................................................ 5
de fundamenten van het Europees systeem (18 e-19e eeuw)...............................5
H2: Inleidend college: Europa en het Oosten in de 20ste eeuw..............11
Einde van Imperia............................................................................................. 11
Het communisme.............................................................................................. 11
Sovjet-Unie........................................................................................................ 12
Koude Oorlog..................................................................................................... 12
Einde Koude Oorlog (Casier).............................................................................. 12
The Baltic Way- 23 augustus 1989....................................................................12
30 jaar geleden: Val Berlijnse muur...................................................................12
Oostblok............................................................................................................ 13
Hongarije........................................................................................................... 13
Tsjechoslowakije................................................................................................ 13
Polen: geweldloze transitie................................................................................ 14
pacted transitions.............................................................................................. 15
Sovjet-Unie en GOS........................................................................................... 16
H3: De Europese Unie en haar oosten na 1991: een verhaal van
samenwerking?.................................................................................18
Centraal Europa................................................................................................. 18
Voormalig Sovjet-Unie....................................................................................... 18
Twee nieuwe spelers.......................................................................................... 18
De Europese uitbreiding.................................................................................... 18
Polen en Hongarije............................................................................................ 19
Polen: buitenlands beleid – EU..........................................................................19
Oost-Europa: ENP-EaP....................................................................................... 20
Rusland- EU....................................................................................................... 20
Het Gemenebest van Onafhankelijke Staten.....................................................20
Het GOS en regionale initiatieven.....................................................................21
Uniestaat Rusland – Wit-Rusland.......................................................................21
GU(U)AM............................................................................................................ 22
SCO – Shanghai Cooperation Organisation........................................................22
EurAsEc-EEU...................................................................................................... 23
1
, Conclusie........................................................................................................... 23
Artikel Haukkala: The European Union as a Regional Normative Hegemon: The
Case of European Neighbourhood Policy...........................................................23
H4: De Oost-West dynamiek adhv enkele kernbegrippen:
Normcontestatie en geopolitical othering...........................................26
normen.............................................................................................................. 27
Centrale vragen................................................................................................. 29
Normative power Europe (Ian Manners 2002)...................................................30
De EU en conditionaliteit................................................................................... 30
H 5: Europese diplomatie, contestatie en actorness............................35
Unpacking the EU’s International Actorness: Debates, Theories and Concepts
Licínia Simão..................................................................................................... 35
H6: EU en Rusland: rivaliserende intregratieprojecten........................38
Overzicht coöperatiemechanismen EU vs. Rusland...........................................38
Balans: coöperatie Europese Unie.....................................................................41
Cöoperatiemechanismen Rusland....................................................................42
Andere cöoperatiemechanismen Rusland.........................................................44
H7: De EU en Rusland: contestatie of frustratie..................................45
EU – Rusland relaties......................................................................................... 45
EU-Rusland relaties: critical junctures...............................................................45
Evolutie EU-Rusland relaties: jaren 90...............................................................46
2000-2008......................................................................................................... 47
2008-2011......................................................................................................... 47
2011-2012......................................................................................................... 47
Poetin artikels.................................................................................................... 48
Buitenlands beleid............................................................................................. 48
2014-nu............................................................................................................. 48
2018 Salisbury incident..................................................................................... 48
Dynamieken EU-Rusland relaties in het discours (Casier 2016)........................48
Iver Neumann - Russia’s Europe 1991-2016: inferiority to superiority..............49
Europa en de Russische identiteit.....................................................................49
Sergej Uvarov en Officieel Nationalisme............................................................49
Russisch nationalisme nu (Luke March 2012)....................................................50
Civilizationeel nationalisme (Pain & Verkhovskij)..............................................50
Geopolitical othering in het discours.................................................................50
Evolutie representaties van Europa...................................................................50
Impact op discours buitenlands beleid..............................................................51
Multipolariteit.................................................................................................... 51
2
, Internationaal recht........................................................................................... 51
Conclusie........................................................................................................... 51
H8: de post-socialistische staten: case study Polen en Hongarije.........52
Polen en Hongarije............................................................................................ 52
1989-2004: de honeymoonperiode...................................................................52
Tsjechoslowakije in de Jaren 90 (in notendop)...................................................52
Slovakije in de Jaren 90..................................................................................... 53
Polen en Hongarije............................................................................................ 53
Belangrijkste ontwikkelingen in Hongarije( zie gedetailleerde info in artikel). . .54
Belangrijkste ontwikkelingen in Polen...............................................................54
Rol EU? Democratische normen en waarden?...................................................55
Conclusie........................................................................................................... 55
Vragen artikel Bakke & Sitter (2022): The EU’s Enfants Terribles: Democratic
Backsliding in Central Europe since 2010..........................................................56
H 9: Rusland en Oekraïne: van frozen conflict tot invasie....................57
Oekraïne: geschiedenis..................................................................................... 57
Oekraïne na 1991: ontwikkeling en uitdagingen...............................................60
De Russische reactie: van frozen conflict tot invasie.........................................63
H 10: casus Belarus...........................................................................64
Bevolking........................................................................................................... 65
Staat.................................................................................................................. 65
Geschiedenis/ onstaan Belarus (om te achterhalen wrm Belarus zo een
zwaknatiegevoel heeft en Oekraïne juist sterk natiegevoel).............................65
Historische specificiteiten.................................................................................. 66
nationale heropleving 1986-1990......................................................................66
Nationale identiteit............................................................................................ 67
Problemen 1991-1993....................................................................................... 68
1994.................................................................................................................. 68
Reactie oppositie............................................................................................... 68
Na referendum 1995......................................................................................... 68
nationaal........................................................................................................... 69
parlementsverkiezingen 2008...........................................................................69
relatie met Westen............................................................................................ 69
Belarus onder Lukasjenka (voor 2020)..............................................................70
Protesten 2020.................................................................................................. 70
Augustus 2020.................................................................................................. 70
Augustus-december 2020................................................................................. 70
2021.................................................................................................................. 71
3
, 2022-nu............................................................................................................. 71
H11: frozen conflicts.........................................................................71
Tekst: Hedging and Wedging: Strategies to Contest Russia’s Leadership in Post-
Soviet Eurasia – Stefan Meister.........................................................................72
Tekst: Lucan Way: Deer in Headlights – weak authoritarianism.........................73
(niet zo) Frozen Conflicts in de Eastern Partnership-regio.................................74
Transdnistrië...................................................................................................... 74
Moldavië............................................................................................................ 75
Georgië.............................................................................................................. 75
Abchazië............................................................................................................ 77
Armenië............................................................................................................. 77
Azerbaijan......................................................................................................... 78
Nagorno-Karabakh............................................................................................. 79
Artikel Vieira & Vasilyan: Armenia and Belarus caught between the EU's and
Russia’s conditionalities.................................................................................... 79
H12: slot en overzicht.......................................................................80
Tekst Stefan Meister.......................................................................................... 80
Case 1: Belarus................................................................................................. 81
Case 2: Oekraïne............................................................................................... 82
Meister – Strategies to contest Russia’s leadership in Post-Soviet Eurasia........84
Impact EU-Rusland relaties op de post-Sovjetregio...........................................84
Rusland in de Zuidelijke Kaukasus en Centraal Azië..........................................84
Belang Economische banden............................................................................ 85
Kenmerken EurAsEc.......................................................................................... 85
Case 1 Kazachstan............................................................................................ 85
Case 2 Armenië................................................................................................. 86
Impact/ effect van de oorlog in Oekraïne op de regio.......................................87
De EU en haar Oosten: Coöperatie en Contestatie – Een overzicht...................87
Conclusies......................................................................................................... 90
gastles.............................................................................................91
H1: Inleidend college: de fundamenten van het Europees systeem
(18e-19e eeuw)
Focus lessen: beleid van EU t.a.v. Oostelijke buren
o regio met veel uitdagingen: radicale hertekening door Russische
oorlog in Oekraïne
o EU beleid onder druk
Analyse d.m.v. kernbegrippen: normdiffusie, normatieve hegemonie,
normcontestatie
4
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