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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024), Chapter 1-14 | All Chapters
Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024), Chapter 1-14 | All Chapters
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TEST BANKBiological Psychology
James W. Kalat
14th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 The Cellular Foundations of Behavior 1
Chapter 02 Synapses 47
Chapter 03 Anatomy and Research Methods 94
Chapter 04 Genetics Development and Plasticity 140
Chapter 05 Vision 185
Chapter 06 Hearing the Mechanical Senses and the Chemical Senses 228
Chapter 07 Movement 268
Chapter 08 Wakefulness and Sleep 309
Chapter 09 Internal Regulation 351
Chapter 10 Reproductive Behaviors 396
Chapter 11 Emotional Behaviors 437
Chapter 12 Learning Memory and Intelligence 480
Chapter 13 Cognitive Functions 525
Chapter 14 Psychopathology 571
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
Chapter 01 The Cellular Foundations of Behavior
True / False
1. Our universe has equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The Big Bang that started the universe contained an as-yet unexplained asymmetry that
caused the development of more matter than antimatter. If matter and antimatter had been
equal, there could be no stars, planets, or anything else.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.01 -
State the mind–brain problem and contrast monism with dualism.
2. When you see something, you send sight rays out of your eyes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: When you see something, the experience is in your head, not “out there.” You do not send
“sight rays” out of your eyes, and even if you did, they wouldn’t do you any good.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.02 - List three points that are important to remember from this text.
3. When people try to imagine something “in their mind’s eye,” some have a detailed experience, and some have no
experience at all.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Some people have an experience almost as clear and detailed as actually seeing something,
and others have no visual experience at all.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.02 - List three points that are important to remember from this text.
4. Most neuropsychologists have a mixture of psychological and medical training.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Most neuropsychologists have both psychological and medical training.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.04 - Discuss the ethical issues of research with laboratory animals.
5. Most research laboratories are headed by someone with a master’s degree.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Research positions ordinarily require a PhD. Researchers are employed by universities,
hospitals, pharmaceutical firms, and research institutes.
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.04 - Discuss the ethical issues of research with laboratory animals.
6. The number of neurons is nearly the same for all healthy adult humans.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: People vary in their neuron numbers more than they vary in their height.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
7. Santiago Ramón y Cajal used special staining techniques to show that the brain is composed of individual cells.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Spanish investigator Cajal used Golgi’s staining method, but he applied it to infant brains, in
which the cells are smaller and easier to examine on a single slide. He came to the
conclusion: Nerve cells remain separate instead of merging into one another.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
8. Most chemicals pass freely through the membrane of a neuron.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Although the brain, like any other organ, needs to receive nutrients from the blood, many
chemicals cannot cross from the blood to the brain.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.07 - Summarize how the blood–brain barrier relates to protection and
nutrition of neurons.
9. Decreased activity of mitochondria can lead to depression.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Decreased mitochondrial function means decreased mental energy and a high probability of
depression.
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
10. People inherit all their mitochondria from their mother.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
RATIONALE: Mitochondria are inherited in the cytoplasm of the egg cell. Therefore, you inherited your
mitochondria from your biological mother, who got them from her mother, and so on.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
11. Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The cell body, or soma (Greek for “body”; plural: somata), contains the nucleus, ribosomes,
and mitochondria.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
12. Glia have dendrites and axons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Glia (or neuroglia), the other components of the nervous system, perform many functions
(Figure 1.15). The term glia, derived from a Greek word meaning “glue,” reflects early
investigators’ idea that glia served a function like glue, to hold the neurons together.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
13. Neurons are distinguished from other cells by their shape.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Compared to other cells, the most distinctive feature of neurons is their highly variable shape.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
14. The greater the surface area of a dendrite, the more information it can receive from other neurons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite
receives information from other neurons. Many dendrites contain dendritic spines, short
outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
15. Dendritic spines increase the area available for synapses.
a. True
b. False
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: The dendrite’s surface is lined with specialized synaptic receptors, at which the dendrite
receives information from other neurons. Many dendrites contain dendritic spines, short
outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
16. An efferent axon carries information away from a structure.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: An afferent axon brings information into a structure; an efferent axon carries information
away from a structure.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
17. It is possible to describe the same axon as both afferent and efferent.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Within the nervous system, any neuron is an afferent from one structure and an efferent to
another.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
18. Astrocytes synchronize the activity of a group of neurons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: By surrounding a connection between neurons, an astrocyte shields it from chemicals
circulating in the surround (Nedergaard and Verkhatsky, 2012). Also, by taking up
the ions and transmitters released by axons and then releasing them back, an astrocyte
helps synchronize closely related neurons, enabling their axons to send messages in
waves.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
19. Microglia removes viruses, fungi, and dead cells from the brain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Tiny cells called microglia act as part of the immune system, removing viruses and fungi
from the brain.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
20. The primary role of glial cells is to act like “glue” or scaffolding to support the neurons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The term glia, derived from a Greek word meaning “glue,” reflects early investigators’ idea
that glia served a function like glue, to hold the neurons together.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
21. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Oligodendrocytes (OL-i-go-DEN-druh-sites) in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells
in the periphery of the body build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain
vertebrate axons.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.05 - Describe neurons and glia, the cells that constitute the nervous
system.
22. The blood–brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The blood–brain barrier (Figure 1.17) depends on the endothelial cells that form the walls of
the capillaries (Bundgaard, 1986; Rapoport and Robinson, 1986). Outside the brain, cells
along the capillaries are separated by small gaps, but in the brain, they join so tightly that
they block almost anything from passage.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.07 - Summarize how the blood–brain barrier relates to protection and
nutrition of neurons.
23. The brain uses more energy and oxygen than all other organs combined.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Although the human brain constitutes only about 2 percent of the body’s weight, it uses about
20 percent of its oxygen and 25 percent of its glucose.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.08 - State the chemicals necessary for the brain’s nutrition.
24. One reason for variations in people’s behavior is that they have different types of bacteria in their intestines.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Your gut bacteria include many species, which vary from person to person.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.09 - Describe the importance of the bacteria in the intestines.
25. Gut bacteria release both helpful and harmful chemicals.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Your gut bacteria include many species, which vary from person to person.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.09 - Describe the importance of the bacteria in the intestines.
26. Action potentials occur in both axons and dendrites.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: Axon potentials occur in axons.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.06 - Contrast axons with dendrites.
27. Sodium ions are always more concentrated outside a neuron membrane than inside.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Sodium ions are more than 10 times more concentrated outside the membrane than inside.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.12 - Discuss how the movement of sodium and potassium ions produces
the action potential and recovery after it.
28. The resting potential of the neuron membrane prepares it to respond rapidly to a stimulus.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: The resting potential prepares the neuron to respond rapidly. Excitation of the neuron opens
sodium channels, letting sodium enter the cell rapidly. Because the membrane did its work in
advance by keeping so much sodium outside, the cell is prepared to respond vigorously to a
stimulus.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.12 - Discuss how the movement of sodium and potassium ions produces
the action potential and recovery after it.
29. An axon indicates the strength of a stimulus by altering the amplitude or velocity of its action potentials.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The all-or-none law constrains how an axon can send a message. To signal the difference
between a weak stimulus and a strong stimulus, all that an axon can change is the frequency
of its action potentials, or their timing.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.13 - State the all-or-none law of the action potential.
30. The all-or-none law applies to both axons and dendrites.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: An action potential starts in an axon and propagates without loss from start to finish.
However, at its start, it “backpropagates” into the cell body and dendrites (Lorincz and
Nusser, 2010). The cell body and dendrites do not conduct action potentials, but they
passively register the electrical event that started in the nearby axon.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.13 - State the all-or-none law of the action potential.
31. Local anesthetic drugs such as Novocain block pain by attaching to sodium gates in the neuron membrane.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Local anesthetic drugs, such as Novocain and Xylocaine, attach to the sodium channels of the
membrane, preventing sodium ions from entering. When a dentist administers Novocain
before drilling into one of your teeth, receptors in your teeth scream, “pain, pain, pain!” but
the axons cannot transmit the message to your brain, and you don’t feel it.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
32. The sodium–potassium pump enables a neuron membrane to return to its resting potential shortly after an action
potential.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: The refractory period depends on two facts: The sodium channels are closed, and potassium
is flowing out of the cell.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
33. When an action potential starts, it back-propagates into the cell body and its dendrites.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: An action potential starts in an axon and propagates without loss from start to finish.
However, at its start, it “backpropagates” into the cell body and dendrites (Lorincz and
Nusser, 2010). The cell body and dendrites do not conduct action potentials, but they
passively register the electrical event that started in the nearby axon.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
34. Back-propagation of the action potential into the dendrite of the sending neuron facilitates changes associated with
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Test Bank - Biological Psychology, 14th Edition (Kalat, 2024)
learning.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: When an action potential back-propagates into a dendrite, the dendrite becomes more
susceptible to the structural changes responsible for learning.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.14 - Explain how the action potential propagates along the axon.
35. Other things being equal, myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated ones do.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: To increase the speed still more, vertebrate axons evolved a special mechanism: sheaths of
myelin, an insulating material composed of fats and proteins.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
36. Many local neurons do not have an axon.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
RATIONALE: Many tiny neurons, called local neurons, have no axon and communicate only with their
immediate neighbors.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
37. People typically use only 10 percent of their brain.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
RATIONALE: You use all of your brain, regardless of how well you are using it.
DIFFICULTY: Medium
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIPS.KALA.24.01.15 - Describe the importance of the refractory period, the myelin sheath,
and local neurons.
Multiple Choice
38. What was the profound question posed by Gottfried Leibniz?
a. What is the nature of matter and energy?
b. Where do we go when we die?
c. How can people learn to live together?
d. Why is there something instead of nothing?
ANSWER: d
RATIONALE: Gottfried Leibniz (1714) posed the first of these questions: “Why is there something rather
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