Exam (elaborations)
PSYCH 140 Exam 2
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Exam of 126 pages for the course PSYC 140 at PSYC 140 (PSYCH 140 Exam 2)
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Name: Score:84 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 84
Operant conditioning: learning the relation between one's own behavior and the
[consequences] that result from it
positive reinforcement: a reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood
that the behavior will be repeated
VS: operant is about decreasing/increasing subsequent behavior
classical is about pairing a stimulus with a response, not necessarily about changing likelihood
of behavior
E: spanking - positive punishment (adding a behavior to reduce likelihood of reoccurrence of
the child's behavior)
Forms of learning in infancy
Visual acuity in infancy
Operant conditioning as it is employed in parenting
Selman's stage theory of role taking
,Definition 2 of 84
E: understanding "why" helps children learn new, often more abstract categories
X: how could children form the category of "light switches," for example, if they did not
understand that flipping or pushing certain objects causes lights to go on and off?
causal understanding
scale errors
empathy
planning
Definition 3 of 84
D: a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings
- is a nativist account
- argues that TOMM matures over the first 5 years '
- ASD kids have difficulty with false-belief problems as well as understanding others generally
-- supports TOMM hypothesis because they have atypical sizes and activity in certain brain
areas
-- empiricist account: argues that psych und. is from interactions with others. On the ASD
example, they think it's because ASD tend not to interact with others -> pose difficulty
-- another pov similar to emp.: limited info-processing skills, hrad to analyze complex
statements like false-belief task
B.F. Skinner's Theory
Watson's behaviorism
Theory of Mind Module
Modularity hypothesis
,Definition 4 of 84
D: a category that is organized by set-subset relations, such as animal/dog/poodle(贵妇犬)
superordinate -> basic -> subordinate
superordinate level: the general level within a category hierarchy, such as "animal" in the
animal/dog/poodle example
basic level: the middle level, and often the first level learned, within a category hierarchy, such
as "dog" in the animal/dog/poodle example
subordinate level: the most specific level within a category hierarchy, such as "poodle" in the
animal/dog/poodle example
E: basic level is what the child usually learns first. it makes sense because the basic-level has
more consistent characteristics (such as size, color, shape) - like trees.
Pragmatic cues
Entity vs. Incremental orientation
Categorical hierarchies
Categorization
, Definition 5 of 84
Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model
1)microsystem: the immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and
participates in (child)
2) mesosystem: the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings (family,
friends, workplace, technology use)
3) exosystem: environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can
affect the child indirectly (neighbors, friends of family, mass media)
4) macrosystem: the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are
embedded (government, laws, culture)
5) chronosystem: historical changes that influence the other systems (beliefs, values, customs,
social circumstances, and technologies)
Relationship among understanding of space, time, number
The Bioecological Model and ways SES can impact a child on each of the levels
The Bobo Doll Experiment
Common reflexes (grasping, rooting, sucking, tonic neck reflex)
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