Summary molecular and cellular biology essay plans
0 view 0 purchase
Course
BIOS3020 (BIOS3020)
Institution
The University Of Kent (UKC)
Essay plans I made during finals that go by the mark scheme that may come up. I used past paper questions and made essay plans on the following questions:
-compare and contrast mitochondrial and chloroplast structure for ATP synthesis
-write a comparative analysis of initiating transcription in e...
compare and contract mitochondrial and chloroplast structure
mitochondria: double membrane; found in eukaryotic cells; inner
membrane folds inwards to form cristae, increases surface area for ATP
synthesis; matrix is within inner membrane (where Krebs cycle occurs,
producing electron carriers NADH +FADH2);carriers shuttle electrons to
electron transport chain (ETC) embedded in inner membrane; as electrons
pass through ETC, protons pumped from matric into intermembrane
space; creating electrochemical gradient; ATP synthase utilizes gradient to
synthesize ATP through chemiosmosis
chloroplast: exclusive to plant cells +some protists; contain stacks of
thylakoid membranes, forming grana-where light dependent reactions
occur; chlorophyll absorbs light energy; used to split H2O molecules;
releasing O+ electrons; these electrons pass through electron transport
chain embedded in thylakoid membrane; creates proton gradient across
membrane; ATP synthase utilizes gradient; produces ATP during
photophosphorylation; ATP + NADPH produced during light dependent
reactions; are used in Calvin cycle, occurring in stroma; synthesises carbs
comparison: both possess inner membranes with electron transport
chains that generate proton gradient for ATP synthesis; mitochondria
evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria; capable of aerobic respiration; while
chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria; capable of
photosynthesis; mitochondria in nearly all eukaryotic cells; whereas
chloroplasts are confine to photosynthetic organisms.
Crucial role of mitochondria in ATP production
Oxidation phosphorylation: occurs in inner membrane; ETC (electron
transport chain) complexes IIV; transfer electrons derived from NADH +
FADH2 to molecular O; leading to establishment of proton gradient across
inner membrane; proton gradient drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
(complex V) through chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis and cellular energy production: ATP synthesis by
mitochondria chiral for sustaining cellular energy demands; ATP serves as
universal energy currency; provides necessary energy for cellular
processes, e.g. biosynthesis; muscle contractions; active transport;
without ATP, eukaryotic cell wouldn’t be able to maintain essential
metabolic activities required for survival and function.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and disease: dysfunction in mitochondrial ATP
production can lead to severe consequences for cellular and organismal
health; mitochondrial diseases, characterised by defects in oxidative
phosphorylation, manifest as wide range of clinical symptoms affecting
tissues with high energy demands; e.g. Brain, heart, skeletal muscle;
understanding role of mitochondria in ATP production is clinical; enhancing
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller neeliyadesaram. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.06. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
