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Samenvatting Micro-economie Schakeljaar

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Volledige samenvatting Micro-Economie Schakelprogramma van nieuwe prof Nicky Rogge. Met extra voorbeelden Met grafieken Duidelijke definities en formules.

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  • December 17, 2024
  • 121
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary
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MICRO ECONOMIE
Schakeljaar 2024-2025
Prof: Nicky Rogge
Hoofdstukken zijn gekke volgorde maar dit is hoe de prof ze gaf :(
Deel 1: Wat is economie?............................................................................................................................. 5
Hoofdstuk 1: Economie als Wetenschap.................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Onderwerp en invalshoek.................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 De Positieve wetenschap van de keuze............................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 Rationele-Keuzemodel..............................................................................................7
1.3. De normatieve wetenschap van evaluatie en beleid......................................................................... 9
Deel 2: Marktwerking................................................................................................................................10
Hoofdstuk 3: Vraag en aanbod................................................................................................................. 10
3.1. De ideale markt...............................................................................................................................10
3.2. De vraag als uitdrukking van bereidheid tot betalen...................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Vraagschokken:...................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Het aanbod als uitdrukking van marginale kosten...........................................................................13
3.3.1 Aanbodschokken.................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Prijsvorming.................................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.1. Prijsdynamiek........................................................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 4: Schokken en elasticiteiten.................................................................................................. 18
4.1. Schokken in vraag en aanbod......................................................................................................... 18
4.2. De eigen prijselasticiteit van vraag.................................................................................................19
4.2.1 Eigenschappen van elasticiteiten............................................................................................19
4.2.2. Interpretatie van elasticiteiten............................................................................................... 20
4.2.3 De eigen prijselasticiteit van vraag........................................................................................ 20
4.2.4 Analyse prijs- en hoeveelheid veranderingen bij een aanbodschok in functie van
prijsgevoeligheid vraag................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.5 Relatie tussen εVp en verandering in opbrengsten (TO & MO)............................................22
4.2.6 Determinanten van de prijselasticiteit van de vraag.............................................................. 23
4.3. De eigen prijselasticiteit van aanbod.............................................................................................. 24
4.3.1 Analyse prijs- en hoeveelheidsveranderingen bij een vraagschok in functie van
prijsgevoeligheid aanbod................................................................................................................ 25
4.3.2 Totale ontvangsten en de eigen prijselasticiteit van het aanbod............................................ 25
4.3.3 Determinanten van de prijselasticiteit van het aanbod...........................................................25
4.4. De inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag............................................................................................. 26
4.4.1 Relatie tussen de inkomenselasticiteit en de budgetaandelen................................................ 27
4.5 De Kruiselingse prijselasticiteit van de vraag................................................................................. 27
4.6 De Kruiselingse prijselasticiteit van het aanbod..............................................................................29

,Deel 4: Marktevaluatie en beleid.............................................................................................................. 30
Hoofdstuk 10: De markt: goed of slecht?.................................................................................................30
10.2. De markt is goed: Pareto-efficiëntie............................................................................................. 30
10.2.1 Volmaakte medediging en marktefficiëntie..........................................................................31
10.2.2 Maatschappelijke Efficiëntie................................................................................................33
10.3 De markt is slecht: verdelings-problemen en marktfalingen.........................................................34
10.3.1 Verdelingsproblemen........................................................................................................... 34
10.3.2 Marktfalingen.......................................................................................................................34
10.4 Overheid en Markt.........................................................................................................................35
Deel 4: Marktevaluatie- en beleid............................................................................................................. 36
Hoofdstuk 11: Overheidsinterventie.........................................................................................................36
11.1. Niet-marktconforme interventies: prijs- en hoeveelheidsregulering............................................ 36
11.1.1 Maximumprijs...................................................................................................................... 36
11.1.2 Minimumprijs.......................................................................................................................38
11.1.3 Quota.................................................................................................................................... 40
11.2. Marktconforme interventies: belastingen en subsidies.................................................................41
11.2.1 BTW en accijnzen................................................................................................................ 41
11.2.2 Subsidies...............................................................................................................................43
Deel 5: Marktproblemen........................................................................................................................... 48
Hoofdstuk 13: Publieke goederen en externe effecten............................................................................ 48
13.1 Publieke goederen..........................................................................................................................48
13.1.1 ​Maatschappelijk wenselijk aanbod van zuiver publieke goederen...................................... 50
13.1.2 Het vrijbuitersprobleem....................................................................................................... 51
Extra soorten publieke goederen:....................................................................................................52
13.2 Externe Effecten............................................................................................................................ 53
Positieve en negatieve externe effecten in productie en consumptie.............................................. 53
Pareto-efficiëntie bij externe effecten en het efficiënte...................................................................54
Merit goods..................................................................................................................................... 57
De-Merit goods............................................................................................................................... 57
Oplossingen van negatieve externaliteiten......................................................................................58
Coase theorema............................................................................................................................... 59
13.3 Uitstoot Normen............................................................................................................................ 60
13.4 Milieuheffingen............................................................................................................................. 61
13.5 Verhandelbare emissierechten....................................................................................................... 63
Prijsvorming op de markt van de emissierechten:.......................................................................... 63
Prijsverloop CO2 emissierechten in de EU:................................................................................... 64
Hoofdstuk 14: Asymmetrische informatie............................................................................................... 65
14.1. Imperfecte informatie versus asymmetrische informatie............................................................. 65
14.2. Ex ante asymmetrische informatie en averechtse selectie............................................................66
14.3. Ex post asymmetrische informatie en moreel risico.....................................................................68
14.4. Beheersen van averechtse selectie en moreel risico..................................................................... 69


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, 14.4.1 Direct.....................................................................................................................69
14.4.2 Indirect.................................................................................................................. 70
Hoofdstuk 8: Ondernemingen op outputmarkten...................................................................73
8.1. Waarom zijn ondernemingen zo verschillend?............................................................... 73
8.2. Winstmaximalisatie......................................................................................................... 73
Economische winst.......................................................................................................... 73
Verband tussen MK en GK.............................................................................................. 78
De outputregel en de sluitingsregel................................................................................. 79
8.3. Het aanbod van competitieve ondernemingen............................................................... 82
8.3.1 Wat is een competitieve markt?.............................................................................. 82
8.3.2 De outputregel en de sluitingsregel bij perfect competitieve markt.........................84
8.3.3. De marktvraag, het marktaanbod en het marktevenwicht van Perf Conc..............84
8.4. Maximaliseren ondernemingen hun winst?.................................................................... 88
8.4.1 Gedragstheorieën................................................................................................... 88
8.4.2 Managementtheorieën............................................................................................ 89
8.5. Gezonken kosten............................................................................................................89
Hoofdstuk 12: Onvolmaakte mededinging..............................................................................91
12.1. Marktmacht: definitie en oorzaken................................................................................91
1. Technologische toetredingsbelemmeringen:................................................................91
2. Wettelijke toetredingsbelemmeringen:.........................................................................92
3. Strategische toetredingsbelemmeringen:.................................................................... 93
12.2 Monopolie...................................................................................................................... 93
De outputkeuze van de monopolist in geval van uniforme prijzen...................................93
Monopolie versus volmaakte mededinging......................................................................94
Regulering van natuurlijke monopolies............................................................................ 95
12.3 Prijsdiscriminatie............................................................................................................96
Perfecte prijsdiscriminatie................................................................................................ 97
Prijsdiscriminatie door Marktsegmentatie........................................................................ 98
​Prijsdiscriminatie door zelfselectie................................................................................. 100
12.4 Marktmacht: Wat zeggen de cijfers?............................................................................101
Concentratie Maatstaven............................................................................................... 102
12.5 Oligopolie.....................................................................................................................103
Bertrand-competitie........................................................................................................104
Cournot-competitie.........................................................................................................105
Productdifferentiatie....................................................................................................... 107
12.6 Overzicht marktvormen................................................................................................108
Monopolistische concurrentie........................................................................................ 109
Monopolistische concurrentie versus perfecte concurrentie.......................................... 111
Hoofdstuk 5: Speltheorie en marktwerking...........................................................................112
5.1. Het Gevangenendilemma............................................................................................. 112
5.1.1. Oligopolies en het gevangenendilemma.............................................................. 114


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, 5.2. Coördinatiespelen......................................................................................................... 115
5.2.1. Het Nash-evenwicht............................................................................................. 115
5.2.2. The battle of the sexes.........................................................................................116
5.2.3. Simultaan vs. Sequentieel spel............................................................................ 117
5.2.4. Het Nash-evenwicht: extra oefeningen................................................................ 119
5.3. Speltheorie en marktwerking........................................................................................ 120
5.4. Bindende afspraken, sociale normen en overheidsinterventie..................................... 120




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