Summary

Samenvatting Methodologie 2

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Course
Methodologie deel 2 met werkcollege: onderzoeksdesign en dataverzamelingsmethoden (BKULC00A3A)

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Dit is een volledige samenvatting van het vak methodologie gegeven in het eerste semester van het tweede bachelorjaar Criminologische wetenschappen. Het document is opgesplitst in Kwalitatieve en Kwantitatieve deel van de cursus.

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Uploaded on December 17, 2024
Number of pages 150
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

methodologie
deel 2
deel twee
samenvatting methodologie
kuleuven
samenvatting
katholieke universiteit leuven

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Criminologische Wetenschappen
Course
Methodologie deel 2 met werkcollege: onderzoeksdesign en dataverzamelingsmethoden (BKULC00A3A)

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Methodologie 2

Inhoudsopgave

Kwalitatief luik ............................................................................................................................. 1

1. Inleiding en geschiedenis kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................... 2
1.1. Kenmerken van een kwalitatief onderzoek: ......................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Onderzoeksdoelen en -vragen .................................................................................... 2
1.1.2. Onderzoeksdesign ..................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3. Dataverzamelingsmethoden ...................................................................................... 4
1.1.4. Data-analyse ............................................................................................................. 4
1.1.5. Rapportage ............................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Geschiedenis van kwalitatief onderzoek: ............................................................................ 5
1.2.1. De klassieke periode (1900-1945) ............................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Verdrukking & vernieuwing (’50 tot ’70) ....................................................................... 6
1.2.3. De heropstanding (jaren ’70 en ’80) ............................................................................ 8
1.2.4. Postmodernisme en consolidatie ............................................................................... 9
1.3. Welke onderzoeksvragen voor kwalitatief onderzoek? ......................................................... 9
1.4. Kwalitatieve grondvormen ............................................................................................... 10

2. Kwalitatieve steekproeftrekking ................................................................................................11
2.1. Inleiding.......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Steekproefmethoden ...................................................................................................... 12
2.3. Theoretische steekproeftrekking ...................................................................................... 15
2.4. De selectiecriteria ........................................................................................................... 16
2.5. De steekproefmatrix ........................................................................................................ 18
2.6. Omvang van de steekproef .............................................................................................. 19

3. Interviewing ............................................................................................................................20
3.1. Types interviews .............................................................................................................. 20
3.2. Interviewschema............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1. Introductie .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2. Beginvraag .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3. Topiclijst ................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.4. Afsluiting ................................................................................................................. 22
3.3. Speciale vorm van vragen ................................................................................................ 23
3.3.1. Vignetten ................................................................................................................ 23
3.4. Werving respondenten .................................................................................................... 24
3.5. Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................. 24
3.6. Proeﬁnterviews ............................................................................................................... 24
3.7. Aantekeningen tijdens het interview ................................................................................. 25
3.8. Vraagformulering............................................................................................................. 25
3.9. Doorvragen ..................................................................................................................... 26
3.10. Stimuleren respondent ................................................................................................ 27
3.10.1. De stilte .................................................................................................................. 28
3.11. De samenvatting ......................................................................................................... 29

, 3.12. Onbevredigende reacties ............................................................................................. 30
3.13. Lastige interviewsituaties ............................................................................................ 32
3.13.1. Not done ................................................................................................................. 33
3.14. Transcriptie van het interview ........................................................................................... 34
3.15. Besluit ........................................................................................................................ 36
3.16. Tien algemene richtlijnen ................................................................................................. 36

4. Focusgroepen .........................................................................................................................37
4.1. Ontstaan en evolutie ....................................................................................................... 37
4.2. Meerwaarde van focusgroepen ........................................................................................ 38
4.3. Toepassing van focusgroepen .......................................................................................... 39
4.4. Nadelen van focusgroepen .............................................................................................. 39
4.5. Samenstelling van de focusgroepen ................................................................................. 40
4.6. Aantal deelnemers .......................................................................................................... 41
4.7. Aantal focusgroepen ....................................................................................................... 42
4.8. Soorten vragen ................................................................................................................ 42
4.8.1. Openingsvragen ...................................................................................................... 42
4.8.2. Vragen tijdens groepsgesprek ................................................................................... 42
4.9. Focusgroep voorbereiden ................................................................................................ 43
4.9.1. Selectie en contactname ......................................................................................... 43
4.9.2. Locatie en opstelling van de zitplaatsen .................................................................... 43
4.9.3. Ontvangst van de deelnemers .................................................................................. 43
4.10. Verloop van focusgroep zelf ............................................................................................. 44
4.11. Observator .................................................................................................................. 44
4.12. De moderator .............................................................................................................. 45
4.12.1. De rol van de moderator ........................................................................................... 45
4.12.2. De kwaliteiten van een moderator ............................................................................ 45

5. (Participerende) observatie ......................................................................................................46
5.1. Inleidend hoorcollege ...................................................................................................... 46
5.1.1. Observatie vs. etnograﬁe ......................................................................................... 46
5.1.2. Steekproeftrekking .................................................................................................. 49
5.1.3. Rollen tijdens het participerend onderzoek ............................................................... 51
5.1.4. Aanvaarding binnen de setting ................................................................................. 52
5.1.5. Vier strategieën om vertrouwen op te bouwen ........................................................... 52
5.1.6. Het verblijf in de setting: .......................................................................................... 53
5.1.7. Verlaten van het veld................................................................................................ 56
5.1.8. Veldnota’s, “ﬁeld notes” .......................................................................................... 56
5.2. Online hoorcollege Ellen Van Damme: Participerende observatie: een kritische blik ........... 57
5.2.1. Doctoraatsonderzoek naar vrouwen & bendes in Honduras ....................................... 57
5.2.2. Kritische vragen bij (participerende) observatie ......................................................... 58
5.2.3. (Participerende) observatie en etnograﬁsch onderzoek in tijden van COVID-19 ........... 66
5.3. Hoorcollege Kim Loyens .................................................................................................. 66
5.3.1. Basisprincipes ........................................................................................................ 66
5.3.2. Observatie .............................................................................................................. 67
5.3.3. Wat observeren?...................................................................................................... 68
5.3.4. Hoe participerend observeren? ................................................................................ 71
5.3.5. Conclusie ............................................................................................................... 73

, 6. Andere databronnen voor kwalitatief onderzoek........................................................................74
6.1. Inleiding.......................................................................................................................... 74
6.2. Documenten ................................................................................................................... 74
6.3. Opgeslagen gegevens ...................................................................................................... 76
6.4. Visueel materiaal ............................................................................................................ 76
6.5. Gearchiveerd kwalitatief onderzoek (secundair analysemateriaal) ..................................... 77

7. Kwalitatief onderzoek in de praktijk...........................................................................................78
7.1. Voorstelling eigen onderzoek ........................................................................................... 78
7.2. De stappen in een onderzoek ........................................................................................... 78
7.2.1. Stap 1: onderwerp bepalen ...................................................................................... 78
7.2.2. Stap 2: literatuurstudie ............................................................................................ 79
7.2.3. Stap 3: selectie........................................................................................................ 79
7.2.4. Stap 4: dataverzameling ........................................................................................... 80
7.2.5. Stap 5: data-analyse en rapportering ........................................................................ 81
7.3. Conclusie ....................................................................................................................... 81

8. Kwalitatief onlineonderzoek .....................................................................................................81
8.1. Algemeen: aandachtspunten eigen aan ICT ...................................................................... 81
8.2. Online onderzoeksmethoden ........................................................................................... 82
8.2.1. E-interviewing ......................................................................................................... 82
8.2.2. E-focusgroepen ....................................................................................................... 83
8.2.3. (Participerende) e-observatie ................................................................................... 84
8.2.4. Analyse van internetdocumenten ............................................................................. 86
8.2.5. Participatief digitaal en visueel onderzoek ................................................................ 87
8.3. Besluit ............................................................................................................................ 87

Kwantitatief luik .......................................................................................................................... 88

1. Introductie kwantitatief luik......................................................................................................88
1.1. Waar gaat dit vak over? .................................................................................................... 88
1.2. Onderzoeksobject: criminaliteit ....................................................................................... 88

2. Planning en uitvoering .............................................................................................................91
2.1. Onderzoeksvraag ............................................................................................................ 91
2.2. Literatuurstudie .............................................................................................................. 91
2.3. Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................. 92
2.4. Keuze van onderzoeksopzet ............................................................................................. 92
2.5. Keuze van analyse-eenheden........................................................................................... 92
2.6. Keuze van dataverzamelingsmethode .............................................................................. 93
2.7. Keuze van analysemethode ............................................................................................. 93
2.8. Onderzoeksplan .............................................................................................................. 93

3. Onderzoek naar criminaliteit en aanverwante zaken ..................................................................94
3.1. Operationaliseren en meten ............................................................................................ 94
3.2. Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................... 96
3.3. Bepalen van constructvaliditeit ........................................................................................ 98
3.4. Andere kwaliteitsaspecten ............................................................................................ 100
3.5. Gelaagde structuur ....................................................................................................... 101
3.6. Typen criminologisch onderzoek .................................................................................... 101
3.7. Toestemming, privacy en ethiek ..................................................................................... 102

, 4. Dataverzameling en bevraging................................................................................................ 102
4.1. Introductie .................................................................................................................... 102
4.2. Gestructureerde bevraging ............................................................................................ 103
4.3. Vragenlijsten en vragen(lijst)ontwerp .............................................................................. 104
4.4. Schaalconstructie ......................................................................................................... 109
4.5. afnamemodaliteiten ...................................................................................................... 111
4.6. Bedreigende vragen en gevoelige onderwerpen ............................................................... 114
4.7. Besluit .......................................................................................................................... 116

5. Onderzoeksopzetten voor causale samenhang ....................................................................... 117
5.1. Introductie .................................................................................................................... 117
5.2. Causaliteit .................................................................................................................... 118
5.3. Afhankelijke en onafhankelijke variabelen ...................................................................... 118
5.4. Interventies en het meten van verandering...................................................................... 119
5.5. Designs naar experimentaliteit....................................................................................... 120
5.6. Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 123

6. Selectie van analyse-eenheden ............................................................................................. 123
6.1. Terminologie ................................................................................................................. 123
6.2. Representativiteit en generaliseerbaarheid ..................................................................... 125
6.3. Grootte van de onderzoeksgroep .................................................................................... 128
6.4. Steekproeftrekking ........................................................................................................ 129
6.4.1. Probability sampling .............................................................................................. 129
6.4.2. Non-probability sampling....................................................................................... 133
6.5. Conclusie ..................................................................................................................... 133
6.6. (Uitval, weigering en non-respons) ................................................................................. 134

7. Bestaande gegevensbronnen ................................................................................................. 134
7.1. Secundaire data ............................................................................................................ 134

8. Afsluitend: de kwaliteit van surveyonderzoek .......................................................................... 139
8.1. De kwaliteit van het surveyonderzoek ............................................................................. 139
8.2. Uitleiding: Durf te meten! ............................................................................................... 145

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