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samenvatting air and space law
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Structured air and space law lesson notes
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InhoudsopgaveWhy does air/aviation law matter?................................................................................................................ 6
Public air law.........................................................................................................................................................6
There is money involved......................................................................................................................................10
Numbers..............................................................................................................................................................10
Regulation...........................................................................................................................................................11
What to regulate concerning aviation?......................................................................................................... 12
Liability........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Warsaw Convention............................................................................................................................................13
Montreal Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air – 28 may 1999.......15
The ‘99 Montreal Convention – in depth analysis......................................................................................... 16
1. Criteria for application – Constitutive elements.............................................................................................16
2. Documentation – Ticket and airwaybill requirements....................................................................................17
3. Conditions under which air carrier becomes liable AND compensation of damages.....................................20
4. Compensation of damages.............................................................................................................................25
5. Jurisdiction......................................................................................................................................................25
MC 99 and the ECJ...........................................................................................................................................27
Air passenger rights – Regulation 261/2004.................................................................................................. 31
framework...........................................................................................................................................................31
application – Article 3.........................................................................................................................................34
remedies..............................................................................................................................................................35
what does it cover?.............................................................................................................................................36
concerns of the industry......................................................................................................................................37
clash between MC 99 and regulation 261/04.....................................................................................................38
interpretation by the Court.................................................................................................................................39
drones......................................................................................................................................................... 44
different names in the law..................................................................................................................................44
upcoming technology and regulation.................................................................................................................44
regulation............................................................................................................................................................44
The rest of the lesson..........................................................................................................................................45
Environmental protection and aviation: achievements and legal challenges ahead.......................................46
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, introduction.........................................................................................................................................................46
Aviation and climate change and the history of environmental protection in aviation ....................................48
The issue of noise pollution.................................................................................................................................51
Tackling Greenhouse gases emissions................................................................................................................54
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................61
introduction................................................................................................................................................. 62
chapter 1..................................................................................................................................................... 62
concise history of space activities.......................................................................................................................62
Importance of the moon.................................................................................................................................62
Plane vs. Rocket...............................................................................................................................................62
Reality..............................................................................................................................................................62
importance of space activities in our daily life....................................................................................................63
Space applications...........................................................................................................................................63
The importance of satellites............................................................................................................................63
chapter 2. Why do we need space law? COPUOS..........................................................................................64
COPUOS...............................................................................................................................................................64
sources of space law...........................................................................................................................................65
chapter 3. Outer space and its delimitation..................................................................................................66
outer space: what is it?.......................................................................................................................................66
atmosphere.........................................................................................................................................................67
plane vs. rocket...................................................................................................................................................67
chapter 4. Characterisation of outer space – Delimitation between airspace and outer space seen from a legal
point of view at international level (COPUOS).............................................................................................. 68
circular orbit........................................................................................................................................................68
sub-orbital flight.................................................................................................................................................68
delimitation of airspace and outer space: three possible approaches...............................................................68
national space laws.............................................................................................................................................71
definition of “space” in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)..........................................................71
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................71
what does outer space mean in the context of Space law.................................................................................72
Characterization of outer space......................................................................................................................72
Galaxies...........................................................................................................................................................72
Travelling beyond our solar system................................................................................................................72
Electromagnetic spectrum..............................................................................................................................72
Characterization of Outer Space: Solar System..............................................................................................73
Astronauts.......................................................................................................................................................76
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,Chapter 7. Sources of space law ; outer space treaty....................................................................................77
sources of Space Law..........................................................................................................................................77
space treaties......................................................................................................................................................78
declarations and principles.................................................................................................................................78
outer space treaty...............................................................................................................................................79
History.............................................................................................................................................................79
OST Article I.....................................................................................................................................................80
Limited, non-exhaustible, natural resources: orbits, frequencies and orbital slots.......................................82
OST Article II....................................................................................................................................................89
Space resource exploration and utilization – U.S. commercial space launch competitiveness act (2015)....91
OST Article III...................................................................................................................................................93
OST Article IV...................................................................................................................................................94
OST Article V....................................................................................................................................................96
OST Article VI...................................................................................................................................................96
OST Article VII.................................................................................................................................................97
OST Article IX...................................................................................................................................................99
OST Article X....................................................................................................................................................99
OST Article XI.................................................................................................................................................100
OST Article XII................................................................................................................................................100
OST Article XIII...............................................................................................................................................100
Chapter 7.1.3.Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects..........................102
liability under OST.............................................................................................................................................102
OST Article VI.....................................................................................................................................................102
OST article VII....................................................................................................................................................102
liability convention Article I (a).........................................................................................................................102
liability convention Article I (b) and (c)............................................................................................................102
Launch...........................................................................................................................................................102
Launch Facilities............................................................................................................................................103
LIability Convention Article I (d)........................................................................................................................104
Space object..................................................................................................................................................104
Liability Convention Article II............................................................................................................................104
liability convention article III.............................................................................................................................104
liability convention article IV.............................................................................................................................105
liability convention article V..............................................................................................................................105
liability Convention Article VI............................................................................................................................106
liability convention article VII............................................................................................................................106
liability convention article VIII...........................................................................................................................106
liability convention article IX.............................................................................................................................106
liability convention article X..............................................................................................................................107
3
, liability convention article XI.............................................................................................................................107
liability convention article XII............................................................................................................................107
liability convention article XIV...........................................................................................................................107
liability convention article XIX...........................................................................................................................108
liability convention article XXI...........................................................................................................................108
liability convention article XXII..........................................................................................................................109
Cosmos 954.......................................................................................................................................................110
chinese anti-satellite (asat)...............................................................................................................................111
measures to prevent damage...........................................................................................................................112
Iridium 33 and Kosmos-2251 collision..........................................................................................................112
COPUOS.............................................................................................................................................................112
Examples.......................................................................................................................................................113
Chapter 7.1.4. Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space.......................................116
definitions – Article I.........................................................................................................................................116
Registry..........................................................................................................................................................116
preamble...........................................................................................................................................................116
information to be provided...............................................................................................................................117
identification.....................................................................................................................................................117
example: Belgium..............................................................................................................................................118
Conclusions....................................................................................................................................................119
Example 3. NSS-6 and NSS-7.........................................................................................................................119
chapter 7.1.5 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the moon and other celestial bodies...........120
moon treaties....................................................................................................................................................120
Reason for failure..........................................................................................................................................120
Interest..........................................................................................................................................................120
Article 5.2......................................................................................................................................................121
Article 3.3......................................................................................................................................................121
Article 7.........................................................................................................................................................121
Article 11.......................................................................................................................................................121
International regime.....................................................................................................................................122
UN Principles governing space related activities......................................................................................... 123
principles governing the use by states of artificial earth satellites for international direct television
broadcasting.....................................................................................................................................................123
principles relating to remote sensing of the earth from space.........................................................................125
Passive remoting...........................................................................................................................................125
Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................126
Principle II......................................................................................................................................................126
Principle IV.....................................................................................................................................................126
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