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LYMPHATIC - BIOS 255 Anatomy And Physiology III With Lab
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- Chamberlain College Of Nursng
LABSTER COPY AND PASTED ENTIRE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CHAMBERLAIN WITH PICTURES
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BIOS255 – Anatomy & Physiology IIIProf Haneen Salhieh, M.S.
Week 6: Chapter 22 – The Respiratory System
(Anatomy)
Respiratory System Overview
Breathing is an essential part of life that ensures we are providing our cells their required metabolic
needs. Most of our metabolism directly or indirectly requires ATP, and most ATP synthesis requires
oxygen. The respiratory system consists of different structures that play a role in delivering air to the lung
so that oxygen can diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Before we look at these
structures in detail, it is important to differentiate between two important aspects of this body system:
respiration and ventilation.
Respiration is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of exchanging gases between an
organism and its environment. There are two types of respiration: external and internal.
External respiration (aka pulmonary respiration) refers to the exchange of gases between the
alveoli of the lungs and the blood. During this process, oxygen from inhaled air enters the
bloodstream while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the lungs to be exhaled.
Internal respiration (aka tissue respiration) refers to the exchange of gases between the
bloodstream and the body’s cells and tissues. Oxygen that is now in the bloodstream will travel
and enter cells where it will participate in cellular respiration to produce energy. Simultaneously,
carbon dioxide is generated as a waste product of cellular metabolism and will be removed from
tissues and put into the blood so it can be expelled from the body.
Cellular respiration- oxygen from the blood stream enters the cell and helps in production of
energy/ ATP by breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration.
Ventilation is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. It is primarily concerned with
inhalation (inspiration), which brings air into the lungs, and exhalation (expiration), which moves air out of
the lungs. This ensures that fresh, oxygen-rich air is brought into the lungs and carbon dioxide-rich air is
, BIOS255 – Anatomy & Physiology III
Prof Haneen Salhieh, M.S.
expelled from the lungs. This physical act of breathing is regulated by changes in pressure and volume,
as well as contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles.
General Functions of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system contains different structures that rhythmically bring air in and expel it from the
body. This mechanism is how we supply body tissues with oxygen (O 2) and eliminate carbon dioxide
(CO2) that is generated as a metabolic byproduct. Let’s look at the broad range of functions that the
respiratory system is responsible for:
Gas Exchange: The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the atmosphere. Upon inhalation, or breathing
in, oxygen from the air is brought into the lungs and transported to cells. Simultaneously, carbon
dioxide is removed from tissues and expelled out of both through exhalation. These gases move
across membranes via diffusion.
Communication: This system plays a crucial role in speech and vocalization. The flow of air from
the lungs past the vocal cords allows us to produce sounds and communicate verbally.
Protection: Most of the respiratory tract is lined with a ciliated, mucous secreting epithelium that
helps trap and remove foreign substances. The cilia move mucous and trapped particles up the
respiratory tract to be expelled out of the mouth or to be swallowed into the stomach where
stomach acid will eliminate any pathogens.
Acid-Base Balance: Elimination of CO2 helps regulate the pH of body fluids. As cells of the body
metabolize nutrients and produce energy, they release carbon dioxide as a waste product. The
respiratory system is responsible for removing excess carbon dioxide. When CO 2 reacts with
water, it produces carbonic acid that affects pH. Retaining CO 2 would result in more carbonic acid
to be produced, leading body fluids to have an abnormally low pH (acidosis).
Blood Pressure Regulation: The lungs synthesize angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which
is part of a mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure.
Platelet Production: Over 50% of the body’s platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the lungs,
not the bone marrow.
Blood and Lymph Flow: Breathing creates changes in pressure between the thorax and
abdomen that helps promote the movement of blood and lymph in the body.
Blood Filtration: The lungs help filter small blood clots from the bloodstream and dissolve clots,
so they do not obstruct vital pathways such as renal, coronary, and cerebral circulation.
Olfaction: The nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors and is the site for smell.
Expulsion of abdominal contents: breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth
(Valsalva maneuver)
Components of the Respiratory System
So how does air travel through the respiratory system? To answer that question, we must first list the
principal components of the respiratory system. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and
lungs. Within the lungs, we will find bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Now, the respiratory system is divided functionally into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. It is
also divided structurally into two tracts: the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts.
Conducting vs Respiratory Zone
The conducting zone consists of the structures that primarily function to allow for air flow, and do
not for gas exchange across a membrane. Other functions include humidifying, warming, and
filtering inhaled air, sound production, and olfaction. The conducting zone consists of all
structures from the nostrils to the major bronchioles.
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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