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Global challenges and public policies MPA IEG 2024
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summaries of lectures 1-4 of GCPP, lectures notes + readings + possibles mcqs
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Week 1: RealismKey Definitions:
1. Realism: A broad tradition in international relations that emphasizes the role of
power politics and sees international relations as a system shaped by anarchy,
where states act primarily in their self-interest.
2. Groupism: Politics are seen as inherently group-based, with states being the
primary actors in international relations.
3. Egoism: Political actions by individuals and groups are driven by self-interest,
rooted in human nature.
4. Anarchy: The absence of a central governing authority in international relations,
leading to a system of self-help.
5. Power Politics: Due to groupism and egoism in an anarchic system,
international relations revolve around power dynamics and security concerns.
Key Concepts:
1. Signature Realist Argument: The anarchic nature of the international system
makes conflict inevitable as no central authority exists to enforce agreements
between states.
2. Subschools of Realism:
o Classical Realism: Emphasizes human nature and the historical
traditions of statecraft.
o Neorealism: Focuses on the structure of the international system rather
than human nature, especially the anarchic system.
o OEensive Realism: Argues that states are inherently aggressive due to
uncertainty and insecurity.
o Defensive Realism: States seek security but are more cautious about
unnecessary conflicts.
o Neoclassical Realism: A combination of domestic and international
factors influencing state behavior.
Counterarguments by the Author:
1. Realism Is Not Monolithic: The notion that realism is a single, coherent theory
is a myth. Realism is a diverse intellectual tradition with various theories and
subschools.
, 2. Conflict Is Not Assumed: Realism does not assume that conflict is inevitable
but seeks to explain the conditions under which conflict occurs.
3. Realism’s Diversity: The diversity within realism should not be seen as a sign of
its decline but rather as a strength that allows for a nuanced understanding of
international politics.
Examples and Specific Details:
1. Balance-of-Threat Theory: States will balance against perceived threats based
on military power, geography, and aggressive intentions.
2. Great Power Politics: The theory of power transitions explains how rising
powers, like China, may challenge dominant states like the U.S., potentially
leading to conflict.
3. Security Dilemma: This explains the dynamics of the Cold War, where U.S. and
Soviet actions to secure themselves led to an arms race and increased tensions.
MCQ quesitons realism
1. Which of the following is a central proposition of realism in international
relations theory?
a) Human nature is inherently cooperative.
b) Anarchy in the international system leads to security dilemmas.
c) International organizations are the primary actors in international relations.
d) Domestic politics and international politics operate under entirely diUerent rules.
Answer: b) Anarchy in the international system leads to security dilemmas.
2. According to neorealism, what is the primary factor that determines the behavior
of states in the international system?
a) Human nature and moral principles.
b) The distribution of military power and the structure of the international system.
c) The cultural and religious beliefs of state leaders.
d) The influence of international institutions.
Answer: b) The distribution of military power and the structure of the international
system.
,3. What distinguishes oEensive realism from defensive realism?
a) OUensive realism argues that states seek absolute gains, while defensive realism
focuses on relative gains.
b) OUensive realism claims that states aggressively seek power due to inherent
insecurity, while defensive realism argues that states primarily seek to maintain their
security.
c) OUensive realism rejects the notion of anarchy, while defensive realism accepts it.
d) OUensive realism emphasizes cooperation between states, while defensive realism
stresses the importance of conflict.
Answer: b) OEensive realism claims that states aggressively seek power due to
inherent insecurity, while defensive realism argues that states primarily seek to
maintain their security.
4. In the context of realism, what is meant by "groupism"?
a) The focus on international organizations as primary actors.
b) The idea that political interactions occur between collective entities such as states,
tribes, or other groups.
c) The belief that states should prioritize human rights above all else.
d) The tendency of states to form alliances based on shared cultural values.
Answer: b) The idea that political interactions occur between collective entities
such as states, tribes, or other groups.
5. According to balance-of-power theory, how do states typically respond to the
rise of a potential hegemon?
a) By reducing their military capabilities to promote peace.
b) By balancing through alliances or building up their own military power.
c) By seeking economic cooperation with the rising power.
d) By submitting to the hegemon’s authority to avoid conflict.
Answer: b) By balancing through alliances or building up their own military power.
6. Which of the following theories predicts that conflict may arise when one state's
actions to enhance its security lead other states to feel insecure, sparking an arms
race?
a) OUensive realism
b) Hegemonic stability theory
, c) Security dilemma theory
d) Balance-of-threat theory
Answer: c) Security dilemma theory
7. What does neoclassical realism emphasize in comparison to other realist
theories?
a) It focuses solely on international structural factors and ignores domestic influences.
b) It integrates both international pressures and domestic factors in explaining foreign
policy.
c) It asserts that cooperation between states is impossible in an anarchic system.
d) It denies the role of state leaders in shaping foreign policy decisions.
Answer: b) It integrates both international pressures and domestic factors in
explaining foreign policy.
8. Hegemonic stability theory argues that:
a) International cooperation is impossible without a hegemonic power to enforce rules.
b) Multipolarity is more stable than unipolarity.
c) Anarchy prevents any state from becoming a hegemon.
d) States always seek to balance against a hegemon to maintain international peace.
Answer: a) International cooperation is impossible without a hegemonic power to
enforce rules.
9. Which of the following best describes the concept of "anarchy" in realism?
a) A system in which no central authority exists to enforce rules and resolve disputes
between states.
b) A state of perpetual war between all international actors.
c) A temporary condition that occurs during power transitions.
d) A condition where international institutions have the authority to govern state
interactions.
Answer: a) A system in which no central authority exists to enforce rules and
resolve disputes between states.
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