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Samenvatting Inleiding tot het Recht

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Dit is een volledige samenvatting voor het vak Inleiding tot het Recht gedoceerd door Tim Opgenhaffen aan de KuLeuven (Leuven). Het bevat al de basis- en themacolleges behandeld in de les.

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  • December 19, 2024
  • 252
  • 2024/2025
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Inleiding in het recht


Inhoudsopgave

1. Recht .................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Basiscollege 1: Wat is recht? ................................................................................................. 3

2.1. Objectief vs subjectief recht .................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1. Wat is het verschil ......................................................................................................... 4

2.1.2. Objectief recht ................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.3. Subjectief recht ................................................................................................................ 8

2.2. Het recht opdelen ................................................................................................................ 8

2.2.1. Nationaal – Internationaal – Supranationaal ....................................................................... 8

2.2.2. Publiek – privaat ............................................................................................................... 9

3. Basiscollege 2: Fundamentele beginselen ............................................................................. 10

3.1. Alleen personen hebben rechtspersoonlijkheid.....................................................................10

3.1.1. Rechtsubjecten (Pagina 29-31) .........................................................................................10

3.1.2. Rechtsobjecten (Pagina 32) ..............................................................................................13

3.2. Bronnen van recht ...............................................................................................................13

3.2.1. Materiële en formele bronnen van recht (Pagina 33)...........................................................13

3.2.2. Materiële en formele wetten (Pagina 33-35).......................................................................15

3.3. Voorrangsregels ..................................................................................................................16

3.3.1. Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................16

3.3.2. De hogere wet gaat voor op de lagere wet (Pagina 37-38) ...................................................16

3.3.3. De bijzondere wet gaat voor op de algemene wet (Pagina 37-38) ........................................16

3.3.4. De nieuwere wet gaat voor op de oudere wet (Pagina 37-38) ..............................................17

3.4. Interpretatie ........................................................................................................................18

4. Basiscollege 3: De grondwet ................................................................................................. 18

4.1. Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................18

4.2. Basisbeginselen ..................................................................................................................19
4.2.1. Rechtsstaat (Pagina 42-49) .......................................................................................... 19
4.2.2. Soevereiniteit (Pagina 49-50) ........................................................................................ 20
4.2.3. Scheiding der Machten (Pagina 50-53) .......................................................................... 20
4.2.4. Grondwettelijke, parlementaire en erfelijke monarchie (53-56) ...................................... 24

4.3. De Grondwet wijzigen ..........................................................................................................26

5. Themacollege 1: Belg worden (De Belgische nationaliteit) ...................................................... 27

, 5.1. Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................27

5.2. De nationaliteit verwerven ...................................................................................................29

5.3. De nationaliteit verliezen......................................................................................................31

5.4. Tot slot: hebben vreemdelingen dan geen rechten? ...............................................................33

6. Basiscollege 4: De bevoegdheidsverdeling in België ............................................................... 33

6.1. De staatstructuur ................................................................................................................33
6.1.1. Van eenheidsstaat naar federale staat (Pagina 56-62) .................................................... 33
6.1.2. Taalgebieden als leidraad (Pagina 62-63) ...................................................................... 34
6.1.3. Twee soorten deelstaten (Pagina 63-64)........................................................................ 35

6.2. Bevoegdheden ....................................................................................................................36
6.2.1. Inleiding (Pagina 66) .................................................................................................... 36
6.2.1. Basisprincipes van bevoegdheidsverdeling (Pagina 67-70) ............................................. 36
6.2.2. De bevoegdheden (Pagina 70-74) ................................................................................. 38

6.3. Bevoegdheidsrechtelijke knopen ..........................................................................................39
6.3.1. Brussel ....................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.2. Faciliteitengemeenten ................................................................................................. 39

7. Basiscollege 5: De wetgevende macht................................................................................... 40

7.1. Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................40
7.1.1. “De” wetgevende macht bestaat niet............................................................................ 40
7.1.2. Asymmetrische opbouw op deelstaatniveau................................................................. 40
7.1.3. Belangrijk .................................................................................................................... 41

7.2. Samenstelling .....................................................................................................................42
7.2.1. Federale wetgevende macht (Pagina 77-83) .................................................................. 42
7.2.2. Deelstaten (Pagina 83-84) ............................................................................................ 43

7.3. Statuut................................................................................................................................44
7.3.1. Federale wetgevende macht ........................................................................................ 44
7.3.2. Deelstaten .................................................................................................................. 45

7.4. Totstandkomingsproces wetgeving .......................................................................................45
7.4.1. Federale wetgevende macht (Pagina 84-92) .................................................................. 45
7.4.2. Deelstaten (Pagina 84-92) ............................................................................................ 50
7.4.3. Werking in de tijd (Pagina 93-95) ................................................................................... 51
7.4.4. Meerderheden............................................................................................................. 52

8. Basiscollege 6: De uitvoerende macht ................................................................................... 55

8.1. Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................55

8.2. Samenstelling .....................................................................................................................55
8.2.1. Federale uitvoerende macht (Pagina 100-103) ............................................................... 55
8.2.2. Deelstaten (Pagina 103-104) ........................................................................................ 57

8.3. Bevoegdheid .......................................................................................................................58

8.3.1. Federale uitvoerende macht (Pagina 104-107) ...................................................................58

, 8.3.2. Deelstaten ......................................................................................................................59

8.4. Totstandkoming Besluiten ....................................................................................................59
8.4.1. Federale uitvoerende macht (Pagina 107-108) ............................................................... 59
8.4.2. Deelstaten .................................................................................................................. 60

8.5. Gedecentraliseerde besturen...............................................................................................60
8.5.1. Deconcentratie en decentralisatie (pagina 56-57) ......................................................... 60
8.5.2. Bevoegdheid (Pagina 64-66) ......................................................................................... 61
8.5.3. Provincies en gemeenten ............................................................................................. 62

8.6. Administratieve rechtscolleges (Pagina 137) .........................................................................63

9. Basiscollege 7: Rechterlijke macht ....................................................................................... 63

9.1. Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................63
9.1.1. Situering ..................................................................................................................... 63
9.1.2. Afdwingbaarheid van subjectieve rechten ..................................................................... 64

9.2. Begrippen en beginselen......................................................................................................66
9.2.1. Rechtsmacht en bevoegdheid (Pagina 115)................................................................... 66
9.2.2. Onafhankelijk en onpartijdig (Pagina 115-116) ............................................................... 67
9.2.3. Benoeming en ontslag (Pagina 116-118) ....................................................................... 68
9.2.4. Rechtsmiddelen en kracht/gezag van gewijsde (Pagina 119-121) .................................... 69
9.2.5. Vonnis vs. Arrest (Pagina 121)....................................................................................... 70
9.2.6. Belangrijke beginselen (Pagina 118-119) ....................................................................... 71

9.3. Gerechtelijke rechtscolleges ................................................................................................71
9.3.1. Inleiding (Pagina 122)................................................................................................... 71
9.3.2. Kantons (Pagina 122-123) ............................................................................................ 72
9.3.3. Arrondissementen (Pagina 123-129) ............................................................................. 72
9.3.4. Rechtsgebieden (Pagina 129-132)................................................................................. 75
9.3.5. België (Pagina 132-133) ................................................................................................ 76

9.4. Procesverloop (Pagina 145-146) ...........................................................................................76

10. Themacollege 2: Hogere rechtscolleges ............................................................................ 77

10.1. Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................77

10.2. Hof van Cassatie .............................................................................................................77
10.2.1. Wat is dat? (Pagina 133-135) ........................................................................................ 77
10.2.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................. 78

10.3. Het Grondwettelijk Hof ....................................................................................................83
10.3.1. Wat is dat? (Pagina 135-137) ........................................................................................ 83
10.3.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................. 84

10.4. Raad van State ................................................................................................................90
10.4.1. Wat is dat? (Pagina 138) ............................................................................................... 90
10.4.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................. 93

11. Basiscollege 8: Internationaal recht .................................................................................. 98

11.1. Inleiding ..........................................................................................................................98

, 11.2. Internationale verdragen ..................................................................................................98
11.2.1. Soorten verdragen ....................................................................................................... 98
11.2.2. Totstandkoming........................................................................................................... 99
11.2.3. Bron van nationaal recht ............................................................................................ 100

11.3. Hoe afdwingbaar is internationaal recht? ........................................................................ 103

11.4. Raad van Europa ........................................................................................................... 104
11.4.1. Doel (Pagina 169-170) ................................................................................................ 104
11.4.2. Normen (Pagina 170) ................................................................................................. 105
11.4.3. Structuur (Pagina 171-173) ......................................................................................... 106

12. Themacollege 3: Mensenrechten en grondrechten ........................................................... 107

12.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 107
12.1.1. Grondrechten vs mensenrechten ............................................................................... 107
12.1.2. Eerste generatie vs tweede generatie .......................................................................... 107
12.1.3. Mensenrechten in crisis? ........................................................................................... 108

12.2. Het Grondwettelijk Hof .................................................................................................. 109
12.2.1. Grondrechtentoepassing ........................................................................................... 109

12.3. Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens .................................................................... 110
12.3.1. Wat is dat? ................................................................................................................ 110
12.3.2. Enkele voorbeelden ................................................................................................... 112

12.4. Mensenrechten in de Belgische rechtsorde ..................................................................... 126
12.4.1. Hoe werkt het? .......................................................................................................... 126
12.4.2. Een voorbeeld ........................................................................................................... 126

13. Basiscollege 9: Europees recht ....................................................................................... 128

13.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 128
13.1.1. Een korte geschiedenis (Pagina 148-150) .................................................................... 128
13.1.2. Wat maakt de EU zo bijzonder? .................................................................................. 129

13.2. Werking van de EU ......................................................................................................... 130
13.2.1. Doelstellingen (Pagina 150-151) ................................................................................. 130
13.2.1. Bevoegdheden (Pagina 151-155)................................................................................. 132
13.2.1. Belangrijke principes (Pagina 155-158) ....................................................................... 133

13.3. Instellingen en instrumenten .......................................................................................... 134
13.3.1. Instellingen (Pagina 158-167) ..................................................................................... 134
13.3.2. Instrumenten (Pagina 168-169) .................................................................................. 138
13.3.3. Een voorbeeld ........................................................................................................... 139

14. Basiscollege 10: Beginselen van het privaatrecht ............................................................. 141

14.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 141
14.1.1. Wat is privaatrecht? ................................................................................................... 141
14.1.2. Bronnen van privaatrecht ........................................................................................... 141
14.1.3. Les van vandaag ........................................................................................................ 142

14.2. Twee basisbouwstenen ..................................................................................................... 142
14.2.1. Het vermogen............................................................................................................ 142

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