ATPL - 021 - AGK refers to a section of the Airline Pilot License (ATPL) program that focuses on the study of aircraft systems and general knowledge (AGK). Here are the key points that could be summarized in this area:
Aircraft structures: Understanding of the main components, such as wings, fus...
• Product
of
pressure
and
the
volume
is
• Convection
constant
providing
temperature
of
the
gas
• Radiation
remains
unchanged.
• P1
V1
=
P2
V2
CHARLE’S
LAW
• Assumes
temperature
is
varied.
• With
constant
pressure,
if
temperature
increases
then
volume
must
increase.
• P1
/
T1
=
P2
/
T2
• With
constant
volume,
if
temperature
increases
then
pressure
must
increase.
• V1
/
T1
=
V2
/
T2
GENERAL
GAS
EQUATION
• All
three
statements
combined
!! !! !! !!
• !!
= !!
, ENGINES
2
–
LAWS
OF
MOTION
NEWTONS
FIRST
LAW
FORCE
THRUST
CALCULATION
• A
body
at
rest
will
remain
at
rest
and
a
body
• Force
=
Mass
x
Acceleration
• F
=
m
x
a
in
motion
will
continue
in
uniform
• SI
Unit:
N
(Newton)
𝑊
𝐹 = × 𝑎
(direction
and
speed)
motion
unless
it
is
• Imperial
Unit:
lbsf
(Pounds
force)
𝑔
acted
on
by
an
outside
force.
• Weight
of
airflow
through
propeller
is
800
lbs/s,
the
inlet
velocity
is
0
ft/s
and
the
DENSITY
outlet
velocity
is
160
ft/s.
Calculate
thrust?
NEWTONS
SECOND
LAW
• Thrust
is
a
force
so
equation
above
is
used.
• Density
=
Mass
/
Volume
• The
acceleration
produced
in
a
mass
by
the
• Varies
with
temperature
and
pressure
800
application
of
a
force
is
directly
𝐹 = × 160 = 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑓
32.20
proportional
to
the
force
and
inversely
proportional
to
the
mass.
• F
=
m
x
a
MOMENTUM
• Momentum
=
Mass
x
Velocity
NEWTONS
THIRD
LAW
INERTIA
• To
every
action,
there
is
an
equal
and
opposite
reaction.
• Tendency
of
a
body
to
preserve
its
state
of
rest
or
uniform
motion.
WEIGHT
AND
MASS
• Weight
is
the
force
with
which
the
gravity
of
the
earth
attracts
a
mass.
• W
=
m
x
g
• Accel
due
gravity:
32.20
ft/s2
or
9.81
m/s2
, ENGINES
3
–
PISTON
ENGINE
CONSTRUCTION
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
VOLUME
&
PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP
TYPES
OF
ENGINES
• Convert
linear
to
rotary
motion.
• In-‐Line
Engine
o Poor
cockpit
visibility
• Inverted
In-‐Line
Engine
4
STROKE
CYCLE
o Improved
visibility
o Suffers
from
hydraulicing
(turning
over
• A.K.A
The
Otto
Cycle
before
start
is
required).
• Radial
Engine
1.
INDUCTION
(SUCK)
o Even
cylinder
cooling
o High
drag
profile
• The
above
diagram
is
enclosed
by
2
o Hydraulicing
still
an
issue
• Pressure
decreases
on
the
down
stroke.
adiabatic
and
2
isochoric
lines.
• Horizontally
Opposed
• Higher
pressure
outside
induces
the
fuel
/
o Adiabatic
–
No
heat
transfer
o Saves
space
air
mixture
into
the
cylinder.
(compression
&
power)
o Good
visibility
o Isochoric
–
Constant
volume
(intake
o No
hydraulicing
problems
2.
COMPRESSION
(SQUEEZE)
and
exhaust)
• Ideally
the
maximum
pressure
occurs
when
CONTANT
/
INTERMITTENT
PROCESS
• Volume
decreases,
so
pressure
and
combustion
is
complete.
temperature
both
increase.
• Power
output
is
intermittent
(only
on
power
stroke)
• Combustion
is
at
constant
volume
and
3.
POWER
(BANG)
varying
pressure.
• Mixture
is
ignited.
• Temperature
increases
rapidly
for
a
short
time
then
decreases
for
the
rest
of
the
stroke.
• Pressure
increase
pushes
the
piston
down.
4.
EXHAUST
(BLOW)
• Piston
rises
and
pushes
exhaust
gases
out.
• A.K.A
Scavenging
, ENGINES
3
–
PISTON
ENGINE
CONSTRUCTION
CRANKCASE
CRANKSHAFT
CONNECTING
ROD
• Houses
the
crankshaft
• Converts
reciprocating
linear
motion
to
• Connects
the
piston
to
the
crankshaft.
• Supports
the
cylinders
rotary
motion
and
transmits
engine
torque
• Connected
to
the
piston
at
the
little
end
via
a
• Provides
mounting
for
engine
accessories
to
the
propeller.
Gudgeon
Pin
(or
Piston
/
Wrist
Pins)
• Forms
an
oil
tight
chamber
• Usually
made
of
alloy
steel.
o Fully
floating
to
prevent
uneven
wear
• Usually
made
of
aluminum
alloy
• Oil
is
passed
into
the
main
journal
and
is
• A
crankcase
breather
prevents
a
pressure
transferred
to
the
big
end
journals
which
build
up
inside
the
crankcase.
are
rotating.
• One
cycle
per
720
degrees
of
crank
rotation
• Stroke
=
Distance
the
piston
moves
through
• Throw
=
Distance
from
main
to
big
end
journal
=
½
Stroke
PISTON
CRANK
ASSEMBLY
• Usually
made
of
aluminum
alloy.
• Crankshaft
• Top
Compression
Ring
o Gas
tight
fit
and
reduces
friction.
• Connecting
Rods
o Usually
made
of
chromium
steel.
• Pistons
o Spring
out
of
the
groves
as
the
cylinder
wears.
• 2
Compression
Ring
nd
o Seals
+
scrapes
oils
• Oil
Control
Ring
o Distributes
oil
and
helps
scrape
it
back
to
the
crankcase.
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